ASPECT BIOCHEMISTRY

NEURO MUSCULOSCLETAL

YANTI ROSITA
 Muscle Tissues
• highly cellular
• well-vascularized
• three types
• differ in structure, body location, function,
means of activation (contraction)
• skeletal
• cardiac
• smooth
 Similarities
(Skeletal & Smooth Muscle)
• cells
– elongated
– called muscle fibers
• muscle contraction
– dependent on two kinds of myofilaments
• actin
• myosin
• muscle terms
– myo, mys, sarco
• sarcolemma ~ PM of muscle
• sarcoplasm ~ muscle fiber cytoplasm
 Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• voluntary, striated
• packed by connective tissue sheets
into
skeletal muscles
• fibers are longest
– stripes (striations)
• location
– attached to and covers bony skeleton
– controlled voluntarily
 Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• contracts rapidly
• tires easily
• must rest after short periods of
activity
• function
– responsible for overall body mobility
 Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• striated, involuntary
• location
– found only in heart
• constitutes the bulk of the heart wall
• controlled involuntarily
– neural control allows a shift into high gear
for short periods
Mechanism muscle contraction
Nerve Tissue
In vertebrate neurons, the cell body is IN the information pathway:

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Neuron
Chemical Sinapses
 Chemical Sinapses
• Components
– Presynaptic terminal
– Synaptic cleft
– Postsynaptic membrane
• Neurotransmitters released by action potentials
in presynaptic terminal
– Synaptic vesicles
– Diffusion
– Postsynaptic membrane
• Neurotransmitter removal
 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS IN
NEURONS
• Two types of ion channels are:leakage and
gated.
• Three types of gated: voltage-gated,
ligand-gated and mechanically-gated.
• The membrane of a resting neuron is
positive outside and negative inside. This is
owing to the distribution of different ions and
the relative greater permeability of the
membrane to K+ than to Na +.
 ION CHANNELS
• When these are open, they allow specific
ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane,
down their electrochemical gradient.
• Similarly, cations will move toward a
negatively charged area and anions toward a
positively charged area.
• In all cases, the result is a flow of current that
can cause a change in the membrane
potential.
 ION CHANNELS
• Leakage Channels- these channels are
always open, like a garden hose. A
plasma membrane, typically has many
more potassium ion leakage channels
than sodium ion leakage channels. So the
membrane’s permeability to potassium
is higher than sodium.
 RESTING MEMBRANE
POTENTIAL
• The resting membrane potential exists
because of a small buildup of negative ions in
the cytosol along the inside of the membrane
and an equal buildup of positive ions in the ECF
alon the outside surface of the membrane.
• In neurons, the resting membrane potential
ranges from -40 mV to -90 mV. The minus sign
indicates that the inside is negative relative to
the outside. A cell that exhibits membrane
potential is said to be polarized.
 Resting membrane potential
• This is maintained by two factors:
– Unequal distribution of ions across the
plasma membrane. ECF is rich in Na+ and
chloride ions (Cl-). In cytosol the main cation is
K+ and the two dominant anions are organic
phosphates and amino acids in proteins.
– Relative permeability of the plasma
membrane to Na+and K+ . In a resting neuron,
the permeability of the plasma membrane is 50-
100 times greater to K+ than to Na+.
 Action Potentials
• An action potential or impulse is a
sequence of rapidly occurring events that
decrease and eventually reverse the
membrane potential and then restore it to
the resting state.
• Two types of channels open: the first
channels allow for Na+ to rush into the cell
and then K+ channels open to allow K+ to
flow out.
 Depolarizing Phase
• If a depolarizing graded potential or some other
stimulus causes the membrane to depolarize to a
critical level called threshold, then voltage-gated Na
channels open. Inward diffusion of Na+ occurs and
this results in the depolarizing phase of the action
potential. The membrane potential changes from
-55mV to 0mV to +30mV.
• Each Na+ channel has 2 gates-activation and
inactivation gate. At threshold both gates open
and Na+ rushes in. Further repolarizatin and
further movement-positive feedback system.
 Repolarizing Phase
• More slowly, depolarization also opens voltage-
gated K+ channels which permit outflow of K + .
At the same time Na + channel inactivation
gates are closing.
• This produces the repolarizing phase in which
the resting membrane potential is restored.
• Na + inflow slows, and K + outflow accelarates.
• Membrane potential changes from +30 mV to 0
mV to -70 mV.
 How Neurons Communicate at
Synapses

Figure 7.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.22
BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM
BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM
Thank’s for your
attention