DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Nervous system parts
SZT-172
Session : July- Dec 2018

Dr Himani Sharma – E6872

Asst.prof
Chandigarh University
Himanisharma.biotech@cumail.in

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 INTRODUCTION TO
MAJOR ORGAN
SYSTEMS- II

Nervous system parts:

CNS and PNS
UNIT 3

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION:
• COURSE OBJECTIVE
• The Student will able to understand the basic concept of major parts of the brain.
• The Student will able to analyze various parts of nervous system.
• Prerequsite:
• Basic understanding of 10TH Biology

• Application:
• It help to understand the functioning of EEG and EMG.

•  Course outcomes.
• Student will be able to understand about nervous system.
• Better understanding of functioning of nervous system.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Syllabus

Unit-1
Introduction to Human body:
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Structure and functions of cell, homeostasis, feedback mechanism: positive and negative, Types of tissues: Structure and function of epithelial,
connective, muscular and nervous tissue, Muscle Physiology: Muscle Physiology of muscle contraction and aspects of skin resistance

Respiratory System: Anatomy of Respiratory System with special reference to anatomy of lungs, Mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration, lung volumes

Unit-2
Introduction to major organ systems- I
Circulatory System: Anatomy of Heart, Elements of conduction system, cardiac cycle, heart valves ,blood circulation: systemic and pulmonary, Composition and of blood, different types of blood
cells and their functions, transmission of cardiac impulse , blood pressure and its regulation, ECG, Einthoven’s triangle twelve lead system and ECG waveforms

Biosensors and Instruments: ECG, EEG,EMG

Unit-3
Introduction to major organ systems- II
Nervous System: Different parts, their functions. Reflex actions and reflex arc, functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Nerve conduction and action potentials.
Urinary System:- structure of nephron, function of kidney, urinary bladder, urethra, internal/external sphincters , physiology of urine formation

Digestive System: Anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, gastro intestinal secretions and their functions, deglutition and defecation.
Sensory system :
Eye:- structure and function of eye, refractive medias of the eyes, working of eye, power of accommodation
Ear: Structure and functions of ear.

5 5
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 How do you know where are you right now?

• Your ability to perceive your surroundings

– to see, hear, and smell what’s around you
– depends on your nervous system.

• If your perceptions indicate danger (“Oh

no, the house is on fire!”), your ability to
act on that information also depends on
your nervous system.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Topics to be covered under nervous system

Introduction to nervous system

What is nervous system?

What makes the nervous system?

Major parts of nervous system

Brief description of various parts of nervous system

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Introduction to nervous system

Nervous system is the master

controlling and
communicating system of the
body.
The nervous system controls
and coordinates all essential
functions of the human body

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 What is nervous system?
A system of the body
that in vertebrates
includes the brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and sense
organs and receives,
interprets, and responds
to stimuli from inside
and outside the body.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or your peripheral nerves?

Basic and fundamental structural unit of nervous

system is neuron

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Parts of nervous tissue

Nervous tissue

Neurons Neuroglia

Afferent neurons Efferent neurons Interneur-ons Astrocytes Oligodend-rocytes Microglia Schwann cells

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Parts of nervous system

Nervous system

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Brain Autonomic nervous system

forbrain midbrain
Spinal cordhindbrain Somatic nervous system
Symphathetic NS Parasympethetic NS

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 The Central Nervous System
The central nervous system is
CNS
responsible for higher neural functions
such as:
The brain Memory
the spinal cord Learning
Emotion

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Brain is split into right and left hemisheres by a band of fibers called corpus calosum

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Well labelled diagram of human brain

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Brain parts
Brain

Forbrain Midbrain Hindbrain

prosencephalon Mesencephalon rhobencephalon

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex) Diencephalon

Cerebral Substantia
Tactum metencephalon Mylencephalon
frontal perietal occipital temporal Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland peduncle nigra

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Brain continued….

Brain

Controls bodily
Contains over functions and
Weigh about 3
75% water 20% of oxygen 100 billion of interactions with
pounds in adult
neurons outside of the
world

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 cerebrum

Cerebrum : largest part of human brain

Cerebrum is the largest part of human brain. It contains cerebal

cortex, hippocampus , basal ganglia and olfactory lobes

Responsible for:

- Thought

- Language

- Senses

- Memory

- Voluntary movement

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Cerebellum

Cerebellum : at base of brain

Responsible for:
- Muscle coordination
- Balance
- Posture

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Brain stem

Brain Stem : connects

brain to spinal cord
-Responsible for:
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Heartbeat
- Blood pressure

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Brain is split into right and left hemisheres by a band of fibers called corpus calosum

Spinal Cord : Column of

nerves from brain to
tailbone – protected by
vertebrae of spine

- Responsible for:
- Conducting impulses
between the brain and the
rest of the body

*Impulses may travel as

fast at 268 miles/hr

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 what is peripheral nervous system?

The peripheral nervous system consists of

sensory receptors, nerves that branch out from
the CNS and connect to other parts of the body,
their associated ganglia, and motor endings.

Primary role:

to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs and

skin. These nerves extend from the central
nervous system to the outermost areas of the
body.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Somatic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for carrying

sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous
system.

Responsible for transmitting sensory information as well as for

voluntary movement contains two major types of neurons:

Sensory neurons (or afferent neurons) - carry information from

the nerves to the central nervous system

Motor neurons (or efferent neurons) that carry information from

the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body.

The sensory-somatic system consists of:

12 pairs of cranial nerves 

31 pairs of spinal nerves.
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 Nerves Type Function
I
sensory olfaction (smell)
Olfactory
vision
II
sensory (Contain 38% of all the axons connecting to the
Optic
brain.)
III
motor* eyelid and eyeball muscles
Oculomotor
IV
motor* eyeball muscles
Trochlear
V Sensory: facial and mouth sensation 
mixed
Trigeminal Motor: chewing
VI
motor* eyeball movement
Abducens
Sensory: taste
VII
mixed Motor: facial muscles and 
Facial
salivary glands
VIII
sensory hearing and balance
Auditory
IX Sensory: taste
mixed
Glossopharyngeal Motor: swallowing
X main nerve of the 
mixed
Vagus parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
XI
motor swallowing; moving head and shoulder
Accessory
XII
motor* tongue muscles
Hypoglossal

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 what is autonomic nervous system?

• is the part of the peripheral nervous system

responsible for regulating involuntary
body functions, such as blood flow,
heartbeat, digestion and breathing.
• further divided into two branches
• sympathetic system regulates the flight-
or-fight responses
• parasympathetic system helps maintain
normal body functions and conserves
physical resources.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 What is the difference between somatic and peripheral nervous system
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
•Definition: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is otherwise called the involuntary or visceral
Somatic nervous system (SONS) is otherwise called the “Voluntary nervous nervous system which controls the most crucial movement of muscles to support the
system”. This nervous system is equipped for dealing with the movements of life of a creature.
skeletal muscles intentionally.
STRUCTURE The autonomic nervous system is partitioned into the sympathetic and
Somatic nervous system comprises of two sections: one is spinal nerves and other is parasympathetic sensory system.
cranial nerves.
Function: Functions of autonomic nervous system are more complex than SONS.
Functions of somatic nervous system are not so complex.

Vertebrates: In vertebrates, autonomic nervous system has excitatory as well as inhibitory

In vertebrates, somatic nervous system includes excitatory neurotransmitters. neurotransmitters.
Acts: Autonomic nervous system follows up on smooth muscles, cardiovascular muscles,
Somatic nervous system acts dependably on skeletal muscles. and different glands

Efferent neuron:  Autonomic nervous system ought to have two efferent neurons as well as ganglia to
Somatic nervous system requires one and only efferent neuron. convey a signal.

Muscular movement: Autonomic nervous system governs more muscular actions.

Somatic nervous system governs less muscular movements.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF A NEURON

Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 NEURON

Functional Properties of Neurons

• Irritability
Ability to respond to stimuli
• Conductivity
Ability to transmit an impulse

• The ability of neurons to generate and conduct impulses make them

special.
• The different types of ion channels present on the neural membranes
helps in the generation of impulses.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 NERVE IMPULSES

• Neurones conduct impulses from one part of the body to

another.

• The speed of nerve impulses ranges from approximately

1 m/s to 100 m/s.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 RESTING NEURON
The plasma membrane at rest is polarized
When a neuron is not being stimulated, it maintains a resting potential Ranges from –40 to –90 millivolts
(mV).
Average about –70 mV.
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell

In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is slightly positive; its internal face is slightly
negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na+), whereas the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+).
The membrane is relatively impermeable to both ions

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 DEPOLARIZATION
• The neuron gets stimulated (ex. receives a signal from another neuron). This stimulation causes a
change in the resting membrane potential.

• If a neuron is stimulated enough the inside of the cell will reach a critical level called threshold
(about -55mV).

• The membrane is now permeable to sodium as sodium channels

open.
• A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane.

• The entry of Na+ disturbs the resting potential and causes the inside of the cell to become more
positive relative to the outside. And outside becomes negative and that condition of neuron is
called depolarised.
• Charge inside the cell now reaches +30 mV.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 ACTION POTENTIAL
• The movement of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron due to a stimulus.

• A graded potential (localized depolarization) exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive
and the outside is less positive.

Depolarization and generation of an action potential.

If the stimulus is strong enough, depolarization causes membrane
polarity to be completely reversed and an action potential is
initiated.

Propagation of the action potential

• If enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential (nerve
impulse) starts and is propagated over the entire axon..
• Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 GENERATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 REPOLARIZATION

• Potassium ion channels open up. This

causes K+ to rush out of the neuron after
sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the
membrane.

• Repolarization involves restoring the inside of the membrane to a negative charge and the outer
surface to a positive charge.

• Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the
negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface.
Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 REPOLARIZATION

Plasma
membrane

• Initial ionic conditions are restored using the sodium- potassium pump.

• This pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration.

• Three sodium ions are ejected from the cell while two potassium ions are returned
to the cell.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE

• Throughout depolarisation, the Na+ continues to rush inside until the

action potential reaches its peak and the sodium gates close.

• If the depolarisation is not great enough to reach threshold, then an

action potential and hence an impulse are not produced.

This is called the All-or-None Principle.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 TRANSMISSION ACROSS A SYNAPSE

• Neurons do not actually touch. A synapse or synaptic cleft is a gap that separates the
axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron.

• Impulses are carried across a synapse by chemical

messengers called neurotransmitters.
• Approximately 30 different neurotransmitters; do one
of two things:
1. Stimulate the action potential in a second cell
2. Inhibit the action potential in the next cell

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 NEUROTRANSMITTER

Arrival of the nerve impulse

Opening of the
calcium channels

Binding of Ca2+ to synaptic vesicles,

Neurotransmitter binds to
neurotransmitter released into the gap
receptor

Na+ enter the Ligand-gated channel

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

Action potential generated in postsynaptic neuron
 Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

•REACTING TO CHANGES

•You need to keep the conditions inside your body constant. Doing this is called homeostasis. Small changes
inside your body can cause its cells to be damaged or destroyed. Yet, there are big changes going on outside
your body.

•You need to keep the conditions inside your body constant. Doing this is called homeostasis. Small changes
inside your body can cause its cells to be damaged or destroyed. Yet, there are big changes going on outside
your body

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 POSTURE

• In order to maintain your posture (even bad posture - stop slouching) your muscles are
constantly monitoring their shape. A change in shape of a muscle (the stimulus) causes the
muscle to readjust its shape (the response) and maintain your posture.
• The knee-jerk reflex is base on the hammer changing the shape of a muscle.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

                            HOW IS STIMULUS DETECTED 

• Some cells are specialized to react to a specific stimulus. These are called receptors
(they receive a stimulus). The receptor cells of your eyes are stimulated by light.

• THE RESPONSE
• When the receptor is stimulated, it sends a message to a part of your body that effects
the correct response. This is called the effector.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 OTHER REFLEXES

STIMULUS RESPONSE
The aroma of your favorite food Salivation
A nasty odor Nausea
A bright light shining in your eye Pupils gets smaller
An insect flying towards your eye Blinking

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 REFLEX ACTION
Automatic involuntary motor response to a sensory stimulus

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Reflex Arc
Path travelled by an impulse during refelex action
(direct route from a Sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an Effector )

Afferent part – Receptor ( superficial or deep ) and an Afferent neurone

R
E
F
L Central nervous system– spinal cord (spinal reflexes ) or brain ( crebral
E reflexes )
X

A
R Efferent part – Efferent nerve and an Effector organ – usually a skeletal muscle , may be a muscle – ( smooth,
cardiac or skeletal ) or gland ( exo or endocrine ). Usually it is skeletal muscle response which is considered.
C

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 Properties of Neural tissue / Reflex action

Specificity
●
Showing light in to the eye gives constriction of the eye
●
Specificity of the reflex action makes the predictability of the response .Super imposed conditioned reflexes
may mask them

Synaptic delay reflex time is the time between the stimulus and response
●

It is dependant on number of synapses and the delay of conducting the impulses across it .
●

Unidirectional Impulses are transmitted in one direction only – from the receptors towards to the
●

conduction
center in the sensory and from the centre towards periphery in motor nerves

Summation Subthreshold stimulus unable to generate an impulse

●

●
A series of subthreshold stimulus (additive effect) may succeed in initiating nerve impulse

Neuron either conducts or does not conduct a nerve impulse. i.e either on or off
All or none Principle
●

●
If it conducts an impulse it is always of maximum size

www.cuchd.in Campus, Gharuan, Mohali

 TYPES OF REFLEXES
UNCONDITIONAL REFLEXES: are inborn reflexes and are transmitted through heredity. They are also called
inborn or inherited reflexes

E.g: swallowing in newly born babies and blinking of eyes

CONDITIONAL REFLEXES: These are acquired reflexes during the life time of an individual. They are absolutely an
individual entity and are, therefore, not constant, viz., they may disappear and reappear again.

Ian Pavlov , a Russian physiologist discovered for the first time the existence of
conditional reflexes and therefore, he is called as Father of conditional reflexes

www.cuchd.in Campus, Gharuan, Mohali

 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONDITIONED REFLEXES

1. They are acquired in life.

2. They depend on previous experience.
3. They are not transmitted by heredity
4. Cortical and subcortical centres are responsible for them

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Experiment conducted by Pavlov
Pavlov (1902) started from the idea that there are some things that a dog does not need to learn. For example, dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. This reflex is ‘hard
wired’ into the dog. In behaviorist terms, it is an unconditioned response (i.e. a stimulus-response connection that required no learning).

Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response (Salivate)

Pavlov showed the existence of the conditioned response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and ringing a bell (conditioned stimulus) before presenting the food. then
measuring its salivary secretions ( conditioned response )

www.cuchd.in Campus, Gharuan, Mohali

 References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/nervous-system

http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 For any Query
himanisharma.biotech@cumail.in