Artificial Neural Networks

- Introduction -
Birinderjit Singh Kalyan
DEPARTMENT OF CSE
EE
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY,
Assistant ProfessorMOHALI

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 Digestive System
SZT-172
Session : July- Dec 2018

Dr Shailja – E6177
Asst.prof
Chandigarh University
Shailjabiotech.@cumail.in

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 Digestive System
Unit 3

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION:
• COURSE OBJECTIVE
• This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure
and functions of the digestive system.
• It is designed for both homeostatic mechanisms.
• Prerequsite:
• Basic understanding of 10TH Biology

• Application:
• Analyze the interlinked mechanisms in the maintenance of normal
functioning (homeostasis) of human body.

•  Course outcomes.
• Analyze the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of
the human body.
• Distinguish the coordinated working pattern of different organs of each
system

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Syllabus

Unit-1
Introduction to Human body:
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Structure and functions of cell, homeostasis, feedback mechanism: positive and negative, Types of
tissues: Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue, Muscle Physiology: Muscle Physiology of muscle
contraction and aspects of skin resistance
Respiratory System: Anatomy of Respiratory System with special reference to anatomy of lungs, Mechanism of respiration,
regulation of respiration, lung volumes
Unit-2
Introduction to major organ systems- I
Circulatory System: Anatomy of Heart, Elements of conduction system, cardiac cycle, heart valves ,blood circulation: systemic and pulmonary,
Composition and of blood, different types of blood cells and their functions, transmission of cardiac impulse , blood pressure and its regulation,
ECG, Einthoven’s triangle twelve lead system and ECG waveforms
Biosensors and Instruments: ECG, EEG,EMG
Unit-3
Introduction to major organ systems- II
Nervous System: Different parts, their functions. Reflex actions and reflex arc, functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Nerve conduction and action potentials.
Urinary System:- structure of nephron, function of kidney, urinary bladder, urethra, internal/external sphincters , physiology of urine
formation

Digestive System: Anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, gastro intestinal secretions and their functions, deglutition and defecation.
Sensory system :
Eye:- structure and function of eye, refractive medias of the eyes, working of eye, power of accommodation
Ear: Structure and functions of ear.

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 COURSE OBJECTIVE

• This subject is designed to impart fundamental

knowledge on the structure and functions of the
various systems of the human body.
• It is designed for both homeostatic mechanisms.

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 Anatomy of GI

• The gastrointestinal tract is an organ system

within humans and other animals which takes in
food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and
nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.

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 Anatomy of GI

The human digestive tract is a long, coiled, muscular tube

that stretches from the mouth to the anus.
From mouth to the anus, the human food tube or the digestive
tract is about nine meters long.

9meters

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 SPECIALIZED REGIONS WHERE DIGESTION TAKES PLACE

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 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WITH OTHER ASSISTING ORGANS

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 DIGESTION TAKES PLACE WITH ASSISTING ORGANS

Food processing begins in the mouth.

The bite food is then swallowed and is moved through

the pharynx into the esophagus.

food is mechanically and enzymatically digested

in the stomach.

The Liver secrets bile

The Pancreas secrets digestive enzymes.

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 DIGESTION TAKES PLACE WITH ASSISTING ORGANS

Most enzymatic digestion takes place in the

small intestine.

Nutrients are then digested as they move the

digestive tract.

Nerves and hormones regulate digestion.

Absorption takes place mainly through the villi of the

small intestine.

The large intestine then eliminates wastes leading to

the opening for the elimination of wastes called anus.

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 GI SECRETIONS

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 GI FUNCTIONS

• Ingestion: taking food and liquid into mouth

• Secretion: total about 7 liter into lumen
• Mixing and propulsion: through GI muscle and peristalsis and
motility
• Digestion: Breakdown of ingested food (mechanical and
chemical)
• Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the blood
• Metabolism: Production of cellular energy (ATP)
• Defecation: waste substance leave the GI tract through anus

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 GI TERMS

Deglutition: The act of swallowing, particularly of

swallowing food. The muscles of deglutition are the muscles
employed in the act of swallowing.
Defecation:-The discharge of faeces from the body.

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 Urinery system :Anatomy

• Two kidneys

• Two ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

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 Anatomy of the Kidneys
VVV
• Within the muscular wall of the
back between T12-L3.
• Renal hilus
• Connective tissue layers:
• Renal capsule
• Adipose capsule
• Renal fascia

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 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys

• Renal Cortex
• Renal Medulla
– Renal pyramids
– Renal papillae
– Renal columns
• Renal Pelvis
– With major calyces
and minor calyces

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 Blood Supply of the Kidney

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 Nephron Anatomy
• Renal Corpuscle
– Glomerulus
– Bowman’s capsule
• Renal Tubules
– Proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT)
– Loop of Henle
– Distal convoluted
tubule (DCT)

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 Renal Corpuscle

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 Filtration Membrane

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Podocytes

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 Filtration Membrane

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 Renal Tubules

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 Types of Nephrons

• Cortical Nephrons

• Juxtamedullary
nephrons

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

REFERENCES

• Maton, Anthea. Human Biology and Health. Prentice

Hall 1993. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
• Pettit, John D.; Paul Moss (2006). Essential
Haematology 5e (Essential). Blackwell Publishing
Professional. p. 44. ISBN1-4051-3649-9.
• Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2005). Medical
Physiology. Elsevier Saunders. p. 883. ISBN 978-1-
4160-2328-9.

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For any Query
shailja.biotech@cumail.in