VECTOR

 PREPARED BY: MISS TENGKU LINA IZZATI

LECTURE OUTLINE

 Addition of vectors (parallelogram law of

vector, law of triangle)
 Subtraction of vectors
 Resolving vectors
 Sine rule and cosine rule to find the
resultant
 SCALAR AND VECTOR
Scalar Quantities
*Quantities which do not have direction but have magnitudes.
*Eg: mass, distance, speed, energy, temperature and pressure.

p T
Vector Quantities

*Quantities which have both magnitude and direction.

*Eg: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum and

field strength
B v p
PRESENTATION OF VECTORS

 On a diagram, each vector is

represented by an arrow
 Arrow pointing in the
direction of the vector
 Length of arrow is proportional
to the magnitude of the vector

 Symbol V or V 
 Magnitude of the vector: V or V
 ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF VECTOR
Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods

 For vectors in one

dimension, simple addition
and subtraction are all that
is needed.
 You do need to be careful
about the signs, as the
figure indicates.
 If the motion is in two dimensions, the situation is
somewhat more complicated.
 Here, the actual travel paths are at right angles to one
another; we can find the displacement by using the
Pythagorean Theorem
 Adding the vectors in the opposite order gives
the same result:
 Even if the vectors are not at right angles,
they can be added graphically by using the
tail-to-tip method.
 The parallelogram method may also be used;
here again the vectors must be tail-to-tip.
 PARALLELOGRAM RULE
1. Draw the two vectors a and b

a
θ
b

2. Complete the paralellogram

a
θ c
α
b
3. c is the resultant force. The direction is indicated by the angle α
 TRIANGLE RULE
1. Draw the 1st vector
3.Complete the triangle by
b joining the tail of the 1st
vector to the head of the
2nd vector for the resultant
2. Draw the 2nd vector
vector c. The direction of c
beginning at the head
is indicated by α.
of the 1st vector
c a
a θ
α b
b θ
ADDITION OF VECTORS : THE LAW
OF VECTOR ADDITION

1. Commutative rule
A+B=C
B
 Vector can be added in any
order
 Expressed equation: A
A B  C
A
B AC
B
A+B=C
 ADDITION OF VECTORS : THE
LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION
2. Distributive rule

The sum of two vector is multiplied by a positive

scalar quantity, x then the resultant vector has
the same direction but different in magnitude.
Find x(A+B)
Expressed equation:

x( A  B )  xA  xB
Example 1
Encik Rahim pushes a load with a force of 10 N while Mr.
Lim pulls the same load with a force of 12 N as shown.
What is the resultant force exerted by Encik Rahim and Mr.
Lim on the load?

F1=10 N F2=12 N

  
Resultant force FR  F1  F2

Magnitude of FR  10  12  22 N

Direction of FR is towards R.H.S
Example 2
A boat which can travel at a speed of 5 ms-1 in still water
is sailing upstream in a river where the flow of water is 2
ms-1. What is the resultant velocity of the boat?

Vr  Vb  (Vw )
Magnitude of Vr  5  (-2)  3 ms -1
 The boat moves with a velocity of 3 ms upstream
-1
SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

In order to subtract vectors, we define the

negative of a vector, which has the same
magnitude but points in the opposite
direction.

Then we add the negative vector.

 ConcepTest 3.1a Vectors I
1) same magnitude, but can be in any
If two vectors are given direction
such that A + B = 0, what 2) same magnitude, but must be in the same
can you say about the direction
magnitude and direction 3) different magnitudes, but must be in the
same direction
of vectors A and B?
4) same magnitude, but must be in opposite
directions
5) different magnitudes, but must be in
opposite directions
 ConcepTest 3.1a Vectors I
1) same magnitude, but can be in any
If two vectors are given direction
such that A + B = 0, what 2) same magnitude, but must be in the same
can you say about the direction
magnitude and direction 3) different magnitudes, but must be in the
same direction
of vectors A and B?
4) same magnitude, but must be in opposite
directions
5) different magnitudes, but must be in
opposite directions

The magnitudes must be the same, but one vector must be pointing in
the opposite direction of the other in order for the sum to come out to
zero. You can prove this with the tip-to-tail method.
 ConcepTest 3.1b
Given that A + B = C, and
that lAl 2 + lBl 2 = lCl 2, how
are vectors A and B
oriented with respect to
each other?
Vectors II
1) they are perpendicular to each other
2) they are parallel and in the same direction
3) they are parallel but in the opposite
direction
4) they are at 45° to each other
5) they can be at any angle to each other
 ConcepTest 3.1b Vectors II

Given that A + B = C, and 1) they are perpendicular to each other

that lAl 2 + lBl 2 = lCl 2,
how are vectors A and B
oriented with respect to
each other?
2) they are parallel and in the same direction
3) they are parallel but in the opposite
direction
4) they are at 45° to each other
5) they can be at any angle to each other

Note that the magnitudes of the vectors satisfy the Pythagorean

Theorem. This suggests that they form a right triangle, with vector C
as the hypotenuse. Thus, A and B are the legs of the right triangle
and are therefore perpendicular.
 ConcepTest 3.1c Vectors III

Given that A + B = C, 1) they are perpendicular to each other

and that lAl + lBl = 2) they are parallel and in the same direction
lCl , how are vectors 3) they are parallel but in the opposite direction
A and B oriented with
4) they are at 45° to each other
respect to each
5) they can be at any angle to each other
other?
 ConcepTest 3.1c Vectors III

Given that A + B = C, 1) they are perpendicular to each other

and that lAl + lBl = 2) they are parallel and in the same direction
lCl , how are vectors 3) they are parallel but in the opposite direction
A and B oriented with
4) they are at 45° to each other
respect to each
5) they can be at any angle to each other
other?

The only time vector magnitudes will simply add together is when
the direction does not have to be taken into account (i.e., the
direction is the same for both vectors). In that case, there is no
angle between them to worry about, so vectors A and B must be
pointing in the same direction.
 RESOLVING VECTORS
1. A vector B is shown as follow:

y
B

0 x

2. Draw a dotted line from the head of vector B to the x-axis. Then
draw a straight line from the origin to the end point of the dotted
line
y
B This is the x-component
of vector B

0 Bx x
3. Draw a dotted line from the head of vector B to the y-axis.

Then draw a straight line from the origin to the end point of
the dotted line at the y-axis

B
By This is the y-component
of vector B

x
0 Bx
 COMPLETE EQUATIONS
OF THE COMPONENTS
 x-component:

Ax  A cos 
 y-component

Ay  A sin 

 Magnitude of vector A

2 2
A Ax  Ay
Example 3
Given that the magnitude and direction of vector B is 8 m
and 53° respectively as shown in figure. Determine and
draw its components.

x
B θ

Answer:
Bx=-6.39 m
By=-4.81 m
Example 4
Given that the magnitude and direction of vector C is 6.2
m and 28° respectively, as shown in figure. Determine and
draw its components.

x
θ

C Answer:
Cx=5.47 m
Cy=-2.91 m
 VECTOR SIGN
 If x-comp is pointing to the right, then it is +ve
 If x-comp is pointing to the left, then it is –ve

 If y-comp is pointing upward, then it is +ve

 If x-comp is pointing downward, then it is –ve
y

Ay=+ve
A

x
Bx=―ve Ax=+ve

B By=―ve
 TRIGONOMETRIC
DIRECTION

EAST 0

NORTH 90

WEST 180

SOUTH 270
SIGNS OF THE
COMPONENTS
Example 5
 
A. Find the horizontal and vertical components of the d = 1.00 x 10²
m displacements of a superhero who flies from the top of a tall
building along the path shown in Figure below.
B. Suppose instead the superhero leaps in other direction along a
displacement vector to the top of a flagpole where the
displacement components are given by B x = -25.0 m and By = 10.0
m. Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement vector.
y

x
30°
Solution:
A.  Find the vector components of from its magnitude and
direction.

= A cos Ɵ = (1.00 x 10² m) cos (30°) = 86.6 m

= A sin Ɵ = (1.00 x 10² m) sin (30°) = -50.0 m

B. Find the magnitude and direction of displacement vector

from its components.

B = = = 26.9 m
Ɵ = ) == -21.8°
Ɵ = 158°
 ConcepTest 3.2 Vector Components I

1) it doubles
If each component of a
2) it increases, but by less than double
vector is doubled, what 3) it does not change
happens to the angle of 4) it is reduced by half
that vector? 5) it decreases, but not as much as half
 ConcepTest 3.2 Vector Components I

1) it doubles
If each component of a
2) it increases, but by less than double
vector is doubled, what 3) it does not change
happens to the angle of 4) it is reduced by half
that vector? 5) it decreases, but not as much as half

The magnitude of the vector clearly doubles if each of its

components is doubled. But the angle of the vector is given by tan
q = 2y/2x, which is the same as tan q = y/x (the original angle).

Follow-up: If you double one component and not

the other, how would the angle change?
 ConcepTest 3.3 Vector Addition

You are adding vectors of length 1) 0

20 and 40 units. What is the only 2) 18

3) 37
possible resultant magnitude that
4) 64
you can obtain out of the
5) 100
following choices?
 ConcepTest 3.3 Vector Addition

You are adding vectors of length 1) 0

20 and 40 units. What is the only 2) 18

3) 37
possible resultant magnitude that
4) 64
you can obtain out of the
5) 100
following choices?

The minimum resultant occurs when the vectors

are opposite, giving 20 units. The maximum
resultant occurs when the vectors are aligned,
giving 60 units. Anything in between is also
possible for angles between 0° and 180°.
 QUESTION!!!
1. Determine the resultant vector. Given that F1=10 N,

F2=5 N, θ1=25°and θ2=30°.

y
F1

θ1
x
θ2

Answer:
F2 Fx=4.733 N
Fy=1.726 N
F=5.038 N
θ=20.04°
2. Given that F1=3 N, F2=6 N, F3=5 N, θ1=0°, θ2=15° and θ3=45°. Find the magnitude
and direction of their sum.
Answer: Fx=12.34 N, Fy=5.09 N
F=13.35 N, θ=22.42°

3. Three vectors are specified as: A is 5 m at 45° north of east, B is 7 m at 60°

east of south, and C is 4 m at 30° west to south. Find the magnitude and
direction of their sum.
Answer: 6.45 m at 342.3°

4. A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction 60.0° west of
north. Find the magnitude and direction of the car’s resultant displacement.
Answer: 48.2 km at 39.0°

5. Given vector F1 and F2 are in the xy-plane. F1 is 50 N at 45° and F2 is 100 N at

120° counterclockwise. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
Answer: 122.84 N, 96.85°