BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the diversity of organisms in various plac
es on Earth.

The Comparison of Bioiversity in Indonesia and the world

Group Indonesia (Species) World (Species)
Bacteria, blue algae and green algae 300 4.700
Fungi 12.00 47.000
Moss 1.800 21.000
Flower plant 29.375 250.000
Insect 250.000 750.000
Mollusc 20.000 50.000
Fish 8.500 19.000
Amphibian 1.000 4.200
Reptilian 2.000 6.300
Bird 1.519 9.200
Mammal 436 4.170
Level of Biodiversity
1. Gene diversity
2. Species diversity
3. Ecosystem diversity

Classifcation of Organisms
- Now the world has about 33,5 milion species
of plants and animals.
- In the beginning human only differentsiated
organisms into 2 groups : beneficial and
harmful
The Basic of Classification
• The basis of classification used by taxonomiest is the similarities a
nd differences in the characteristics of morphology, physiology, an
d antomy.
• The group of organisms found from the result of classification is ca
lled taxon.
• The classification levels :
a. Kingdom / Regnum
b. Phylum / Divisio
c. Classis
d. Ordo
e. Familia
f. Genus
g. Species
The classification of 5 kingdoms which proposed by R.H.
Wittaker, that is :
1. Kingdom of Monera
2. Kingdom of Protists
3. Kingdom of Fungi
4. Kingdom of Plantae
5. Animalia Kingdom
Classification System
a. Artificial system
b. Natural system
c. Phylogenic system

The Nomenclature for Plants and Animals

The naming of species is known as binomial
nomenclature that is name giving with two names
system. This system was developed by Carolus
Linnaeus.
Example : Oryza sativa
Felis tigris
The methode of scientific name giving is as follows

a. Use latin words or latinized.

b. Consist of two words. The first word shows the name of
genus, while the second word shows its species.
c. The name of genus begins with a capital letter, while th
e name of species begins with a small letter.
d. Those two names are given separate underline or italiaz
ed.
e. The nomenclature for familia (family) in general is form
ed from one genus of the family’s subordinates, added
with aceae for plants and idea for animals.
The example of taxon nomenclature in classification levels

Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Animalia

Divisio : Sphenophyta Filum : Chordata
Class : Equisetiinae Class : Mammalia
Ordo : Equisetales Ordo : Carnivora
Familia : Equisetaceae Familia : Felidae
Genus : Equisetum Genus : Felis
Species : Equisetum debile Species : Felis tigris
Identification of Organisms

• Determination key is explanation composed to find th

e groups of an organism based on the characteristics
they have.
• The simple determination key that is often used is di
cotomy system.
The method to use determination key is as follows
a. Read carefully the determination key from the beginning, that is
from 1.a.
b. Match the characteristics found in the determination keywith the
characterics of plant or animal which is being observed.
c. If the characteristics found in the determination key match the c
haracteristics of plant or animal which is observed, note the num
ber and continue to read the key corresponding to number writte
n on the back of each statement in the determination key.
d. If the characteristics in the key do not match the characteristics o
f plant or animal which is observed, move to the statement belo
w. For example, statement 1.a does not not match, then move to
statement 1.b.
e. Identification by determination will end at the statement behind
of which there is the name of plant or animal (class or family).
Practice to Use Determination Key

1. Mosquito

2. Butterfly
 BIODIVERSITY IN INDONESIA
Plant diversity is grouped into three , that is :
1. Plant diversity in the wet tropical forest.
Trees are the most common life form, the finding of Lian
a, big herbs, Epiphyte, Saprophytic and Parasitic plants.
2. Plant diversity in Seasonal forest.
Some palms are found in this forest, many kinds of trees
which produce wood, oil, and food (such as : teak tree, y
ellow,sandalwood,eucalyptus).
3. Plant diversity in savanna forest land
The predominant plants are grass and herbs, in general x
erophytes. Can found in Eat Nusa Tenggara, Timor island,
Rote, and Sawu.
Fauna Riches in Indonesia
Indonesian island is the meeting place of two regions, that is Orient
al region and Australian region.

The spreading of Fauna in the West Indonesian region, the Fauna ha

s characteristics as follows :
1. Many found the kind of big mammal, except pocked mamal.
2. The diverrsity of colorful bird is very low.
3. Found the kinds of monkeys (pronitive primate), mainly in Kali
mantan.
4. Found endemic mammal, such as one horned rhinoceros, two h
orned rhinoceros, orang utan, bear, cat, saimang, tarsius, bekan
tan, and kukang.
5. Found endemic bird, such as jalak bali bird, white eagle, red for
est chicken, and the chicken pegar salvadori.
The spreading of Fauna in the East Indonesian region,
the Fauna has characteristics as follows :
1. Many pocket mammals (marsupials) are found, wh
ile big mammals rae rarely ratery found.
2. The diversity of colorful birds is very high.
3. No species of monkeys (Primitive primates) are fou
nd
4. Highly endemic animals, such as marsupials, Cendr
awasih birds, Komodo dragons, Cuscus, Deer-hogs,
Butterflies, Macaca, Maleo birds, lemur and Musan
g Celebes can be found in this area.
Extinction Threat of Indonesian Floras and Faunas
The floras and faunas which rapidly undergo extinction are :
1. Floras and faunas with low dispersion and adaptability to
environment.
2. Floras and faunas found only in a narrow region.
3. Floras and faunas requiring of low density.
4. Commonly are the big fauna of low density.
5. The big predators that are hunted by humans.
6. Floras and faunas having the high speciality.
7. Floras and fauna competing with humans both directly an
d indirectly.
8. Floras and faunas having commercial value.
9. Floras and faunas which once occupied large adjacent regi
on but are now confined in a small survival region.
 Indonesian Animals and Their State
No. Animals Storte
1. Sulawesian Civet Rare
2. Dugong Susceptible
3. Deer-hog Susceptible
4. Plain Anoa Severe
5. Mountain Anoa Severe
6. Heron Susceptible
7. Egret Susceptible
8. Maleo Susceptible
9. Estuary Crocodile Severe
10. ‘Belimbing’ Turtle Severe
11. Scaled Turtle Severe
12. Forsten Turtle Rare
13. Taulad Butterfly Susceptible
The things that can cause the decrease of biodiversity are as
follows.
1. Destruction and annihilation.
2. The in-coming of new species of animals and plants in a h
abitat with-out careful researh and development plan.
3. Excessive use of species of plants and animals in a habita
t.
4. The pollution of environment in an ecosystem. Pollution
of environment involves water pollution, ground pollutio
n,and air pollution.
5. The change of global climet (Earth warming).
6. The development of agricultural industry and forestry ind
ustry.
7. The presence of metal mining and the explanation of sea
biota.
The Effort for Reservation of Indonesian
Biodiversity

The efforts that can be done to reserve biodiver

sity are divided in to two, they are :
1. In situ reservation
2. Ex situ reservation
a. In Situ Reservation
In situ reservation is the reversvation of biod
iversity done in the oroginal living place (its ha
bitat).
Examples :
- National Parks
- Natural Reservation
b. Ex Situ Reservation

Ex situ reservation is the reservation of biodiversit

y (plants and animals) by exclusion from their habitat
and keeping them in another place.
Ex situ reservation can be done through the following
ways.
1. Collection garden
2. Germ plasm garden
3. Botanical garden
4. The storage in cold temperature chamber
5. The zoo
Thank you!