Communication of

• Proposal, Acceptance and Revocation are deemed to be made by an act or

omission of the party making them.
• Communication of:
• proposal completes when it comes to the knowledge of the person whom
it is made.
• Acceptance completes against proposer when it is put into course of
transmission and is out of control of the acceptor
• And against the acceptor when it comes into knowledge of the proposer.
• Revocation completes
1. Against the one who makes it, when it is put into course of transmission
and is out of the person making it and
2. Against the person to whom it is made, when it comes to his knowledge.
 Communication- Example
I. A, proposes, by letter to sell a house to B, at a certain price.
Communication of proposal completes when B receives the letter
II. B accepts A’s proposal by letter sent by courier:
Communication of acceptance completes against A when the letter is posted,
and against B when A receives the letter.
III. A revokes his proposal by e-mail:
Revocation of proposal completes against A when the e-mail is
dispatched/sent satisfactorily and completes against B when he receives it.
IV. B revokes his acceptance by an email.
B’s revocation completes against B when e-mail is dispatched/sent
satisfactorily and against A when he receives it.
When Proposal/Acceptance may be Revoked
• A proposal may be revoked at any time before the communication of its
acceptance completes against the proposer but not afterwards.
• An acceptance may be revoked at any time before the communication of
acceptance completes against the acceptor but not afterwards.
• Example: A proposes, by letter sent by courier, to sell his house at certain
price to B. In response, B, accepts the proposal by a letter sent by courier.
a. A may revoke his proposal at any time before or at the time when B posts
his letter of acceptance but not afterwards.
b. B, may revoke his acceptance at any time before or at the moment when
the letter reaches A, but not later.
 Revocation of proposal how made
• A proposal may be revoked in any of the following manners
1. Notice
2. Lapse of time prescribed in the proposal for acceptance.
3. Acceptor’s failure to fulfill a condition precedent
4. By the death or insanity of the proposer before acceptance.
 Acceptance must be absolute
• Acceptance must be absolute and unqualified.
• Must be expressed in usual and reasonable manner unless prescribed
otherwise in the proposal.
• Performance of the conditions of a proposal or receiving any consideration
for a reciprocal promise offered with the proposal amounts to acceptance
of the proposal.
 Express & Implied Promises
• Express Promise: A promise made in words written or spoken including
symbols.
• Implied Promise: All other promises are implied promises.