Signal Processing First

Lecture 12
Frequency Response
of FIR Filters

02/15/21 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1

READING ASSIGNMENTS

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 6, Sections 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, & 6-5

 Other Reading:
 Recitation: Chapter 6
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE EXAMPLES
 Next Lecture: Chap. 6, Sects. 6-6, 6-7 & 6-8

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES

 SINUSOIDAL INPUT SIGNAL

 DETERMINE the FIR FILTER OUTPUT

 FREQUENCY RESPONSE of FIR MAG

 PLOTTING vs. Frequency
PHASE
 MAGNITUDE vs. Freq
 PHASE vs. Freq jˆ jˆ jH ( e jˆ )
H (e )  H (e ) e
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DOMAINS: Time & Frequency
 Time-Domain: “n” = time
 x[n] discrete-time signal
 x(t) continuous-time signal

 Frequency Domain (sum of sinusoids)

 Spectrum vs. f (Hz)
• ANALOG vs. DIGITAL
 Spectrum vs. omega-hat
 Move back and forth QUICKLY

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DIGITAL “FILTERING”

x(t) x[n] y[n] y(t)

A-to-D FILTER D-to-A

̂ ̂

 CONCENTRATE on the SPECTRUM

 SINUSOIDAL INPUT
 INPUT x[n] = SUM of SINUSOIDS
 Then, OUTPUT y[n] = SUM of SINUSOIDS

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FILTERING EXAMPLE

6
 7-point AVERAGER y7 [n ]    17  x[n  k ]
 Removes cosine k 0
 By making its amplitude (A) smaller

2
y3[n ]    13  x[n  k ]
 3-point AVERAGER
 Changes A slightly
k 0

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 3-pt AVG EXAMPLE
Input : x[n ]  (1.02)n  cos(2 n / 8   / 4) for 0  n  40

USE PAST VALUES

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 7-pt FIR EXAMPLE (AVG)
Input : x[n ]  (1.02)n  cos(2 n / 8   / 4) for 0  n  40

CAUSAL: Use Previous

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LONGER OUTPUT
SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE

 INPUT: x[n] = SINUSOID

 OUTPUT: y[n] will also be a SINUSOID
 Different Amplitude and Phase
 SAME Frequency

 AMPLITUDE & PHASE CHANGE

 Called the FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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DCONVDEMO: MATLAB GUI

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COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
j jˆ n
x[n ]  Ae e n
x[n] is the input signal—a complex exponential

M M
y[n ]   bk x[n  k ]   h[k ]x[n  k ]
k 0 k 0
FIR DIFFERENCE EQUATION

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COMPLEX EXP OUTPUT
 Use the FIR “Difference Equation”
M M
y[n ]   bk x[n  k ]   bk Ae e j jˆ ( n k )

k 0 k 0

M jˆ (  k ) 
   bk e j jˆ n
 Ae e
 k 0 
j jˆ n
 H (ˆ ) Ae e
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FREQUENCY REPONSE
 At each frequency, we can DEFINE
M
M
H (He (ˆ)) 
jˆ
bbkkee
jˆˆkk
j FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
kk00

 Complex-valued formula
 Has MAGNITUDE vs. frequency
 And PHASE vs. frequency
 Notation: H ( e jˆ ) in place of H (ˆ )
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EXAMPLE 6.1
{bk }  { 1, 2, 1 }

H ( e jˆ )  1  2e  jˆ  e  j 2ˆ EXPLOIT

 jˆ jˆ  jˆ SYMMETRY
e (e 2e )
 e  jˆ ( 2  2 cos ˆ )

Since ( 2  2 cos ˆ )  0
jˆ
Magnitude is H ( e )  ( 2  2 cos ˆ )
and Phase is  H (e jˆ )  ˆ
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PLOT of FREQ RESPONSE {bk }  {1,2,1}

̂
H ( e jˆ )  (2  2 cos ˆ )e  jˆ RESPONSE at /3


02/15/21 
̂ (radians)
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 18
EXAMPLE 6.2
jˆ
Find y[n ] when H (e ) is known
j / 4 j ( / 3) n
and x[n ]  2e e
x[n] j̂ y[n]
H (e )

jˆ  jˆ
H ( e )  ( 2  2 cos ˆ )e
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 EXAMPLE 6.2 (answer)
j / 4 j ( / 3) n
Find y[n ] when x[n ]  2e e
jˆ
One Step - evaluate H (e ) at ˆ   / 3
jˆ  jˆ
H ( e )  ( 2  2 cos ˆ )e
jˆ  j / 3
H (e )  3e @ ˆ   / 3
y[n ]  3e   j / 3
  2e j / 4 j ( / 3) n
e  6e  j / 12 j ( / 3) n
e

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MATLAB:
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

 HH = freqz(bb,1,ww)
 VECTOR bb contains Filter Coefficients
 DSP-First: HH = freekz(bb,1,ww)

 FILTER COEFFICIENTS {bk}

M
H ( e )   bk e
jˆ  jˆ k

k 0
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LTI SYSTEMS
 LTI: Linear & Time-Invariant

 COMPLETELY CHARACTERIZED by:

 FREQUENCY RESPONSE, or
 IMPULSE RESPONSE h[n]

 Sinusoid IN -----> Sinusoid OUT

 At the SAME Frequency

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Time & Frequency Relation

 Get Frequency Response from h[n]

 Here is the FIR case:

M M
H (e )   bk e
jˆ  jˆ k
  h[k ] e  jˆ k

k 0 k 0

IMPULSE RESPONSE

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BLOCK DIAGRAMS

 Equivalent Representations

x[n] y[n]
h[n ]

x[n] j̂ y[n]

H (e )
ˆ
 ̂
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 UNIT-DELAY SYSTEM
jˆ
Find h[n ] and H ( e ) for y[n ]  x[n  1]
x[n]
 [n  1] y[n]

{bk }  { 0, 1 }
j̂
H (e )
x[n]  j̂ y[n]
e
ˆ
 ˆ

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 FIRST DIFFERENCE SYSTEM
jˆ
Find h[n ] and H ( e ) for the Differenc e
Equation : y[n ]  x[n ]  x[n  1]
x[n] y[n]
 [n ]   [n  1]
j̂
H (e )
x[n]  j̂ y[n]
1 e
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DLTI Demo with Sinusoids

x[n] FILTER y[n]

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 CASCADE SYSTEMS
 Does the order of S1 & S2 matter?
 NO, LTI SYSTEMS can be rearranged !!!
 WHAT ARE THE FILTER COEFFS? {bk}
 WHAT is the overall FREQUENCY
RESPONSE ?

 [n ] h1[n ] h2 [n ]
S1 h1[n ] S2 h1[n ]  h2 [n ]

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CASCADE EQUIVALENT

 MULTIPLY the Frequency Responses

x[n] jˆ jˆ y[n]
H1 (e ) H 2 (e )
x[n] j̂ y[n]
H (e )
EQUIVALENT
jˆ jˆ jˆ
SYSTEM H ( e )  H1 ( e ) H 2 ( e )
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