The Cell Cycle: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
The Cell Cycle
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cell Cycle

Cell division functions in
Reproductive, growth, and repair.
Cell division distributes identical

sets of chromosomes to daughter
cell.
Lectures by
Erin Barley

How to Make a Sea Star — With and
Without Sex
• The life cycle of a multicellular
organism includes
– development
– reproduction
• This sea star embryo (morula) shows one stage in
the development of a fertilized egg
– The cluster of cells will continue to divide as
development proceeds
• Some organisms can also reproduce asexually
– This sea star is regenerating a lost arm
– Regeneration results from repeated cell

divisions
When and why do cells divide?
 Growth, Repair, Asexual Reproduction of
Single-Celled Organisms (Binary Fission)
 Cells divide when there is a chemical signal
to do so.
 Skin cells may divide in response to
crowding. Certain cells send out a chemical
signal that tells neighboring cells to divide.
 Cells may divide in response to an injury, to
mend damaged tissue.
 Growth factors can signal cell division in
children to lengthen bones and add other
tissues.
• In unicellular organisms, division of one cell
reproduces the entire organism
• Multicellular organisms depend on cell
division for Development from a fertilized cell
– Growth
– Repair
Cell division is an integral part of the cell
cycle, the life of a cell from formation to
its own division
100 m (a) Reproduction
200 m
(b) Growth and
development
20 m
(c) Tissue renewal
20 m
• Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of
chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein
that condenses during cell division.
• Every eukaryotic species has a
characteristic number of chromosomes in
each cell nucleus
• Somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) have
two sets of chromosomes
• Gametes (reproductive cells: sperm and
eggs) have half as many chromosomes as
somatic cells
Distribution of Chromosomes During
Eukaryotic Cell Division
• In preparation for cell division, DNA is
replicated and the chromosomes condense
• Each duplicated chromosome has two
sister chromatids (joined copies of the
original chromosome), which separate
during cell division
• The centromere is the narrow “waist” of the
duplicated chromosome, where the two
chromatids are most closely attached
Sister
chromatids
Centromere 0.5 m
• During cell division, the two sister
chromatids of each duplicated chromosome
separate and move into two nuclei
• Once separate, the chromatids are called
chromosomes
Chromosomal
Chromosomes DNA molecules
1 Centromere
Chromosome
arm
Chromosome duplication
(including DNA replication)
and condensation
2
Sister
chromatids
Separation of sister
chromatids into
two chromosomes
3
The mitotic phase alternates with
interphase in the cell cycle
• In 1882, the German anatomist Walther
Flemming developed dyes to observe
chromosomes during mitosis and
cytokinesis
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle consists of
– Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and
cytokinesis)
– Interphase (cell growth and copying of
chromosomes in preparation for cell
division)
• Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can
be divided into sub phases
– G1 phase (“first gap”)
– S phase (“synthesis”)
– G2 phase (“second gap”)
– The cell grows during all three phases,
but chromosomes are duplicated only
during the S phase
INTERPHASE
S
G1
(DNA synthesis)
sis
n e
i
ok G2
sis
t
Cy
to
M
(M) ITOTIC
Mi
PHA
SE
• Mitosis is conventionally divided into phases
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
• Cytokinesis overlaps the latter stages of
mitosis
10 m
G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Centrosomes Chromatin Fragments Nonkinetochore
(with centriole pairs) (duplicated) Early mitotic Aster of nuclear microtubules Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus
spindle Centromere envelope plate furrow forming
Plasma
Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Chromosome, consisting Kinetochore Kinetochore Nuclear
envelope of two sister chromatids microtubule Spindle Centrosome at Daughter envelope
one spindle pole chromosomes forming
G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase
Centrosomes Fragments
(with centriole Chromatin Early mitotic Aster of nuclear Nonkinetochore
pairs) (duplicated) spindle envelope microtubules
Centromere
Plasma
Nucleolus membrane Kinetochore Kinetochore
Chromosome, consisting
Nuclear of two sister chromatids microtubule
envelope
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus

plate furrow forming
Nuclear
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter envelope
one spindle pole chromosomes forming
10 m
G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase
10 m
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Lectures by
Erin Barley

Overview: Variations on a Theme
• Living organisms are distinguished by their
ability to reproduce their own kind
• Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and
variation
• Heredity is the transmission of traits from one
generation to the next
• Variation is demonstrated by the differences in
appearance that offspring show from parents
and siblings
Figure 13.1
Offspring acquire genes from parents by
inheriting chromosomes
• In a literal sense, children do not inherit
particular physical traits from their parents
• It is genes that are actually inherited
Inheritance of Genes
• Genes are the units of heredity, and are made
up of segments of DNA
• Genes are passed to the next generation via
reproductive cells called gametes
• Each gene has a specific location called a
locus on a certain chromosome
• Most DNA is packaged into chromosomes
Comparison of Asexual and Sexual
Reproduction
• In asexual reproduction, a single individual
passes genes to its offspring without the fusion
of gametes
• A clone is a group of genetically identical
individuals from the same parent
• In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise
to offspring that have unique combinations of
genes inherited from the two parents
Figure 13.7-3
Interphase
Pair of homologous
chromosomes in
diploid parent cell
Duplicated pair Chromosomes

of homologous duplicate
chromosomes
Sister
Diploid cell with
chromatids
duplicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1 Homologous
chromosomes separate
Haploid cells with
duplicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes

MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes MEIOSIS I: Separates sister chromatids
Telophase I and Telophase II and

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
Centrosome Sister chromatids

(with centriole pair) remain attached
Sister Chiasmata Centromere
chromatids (with kinetochore)
Spindle
Metaphase
plate
During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
Cleavage four haploid daughter cells result, containing unduplicated chromosomes.
furrow
Homologous Sister chromatids Haploid daughter
Homologous Fragments chromosomes separate cells forming
chromosomes of nuclear separate
envelope
Microtubule Each pair of homologous Two haploid cells
attached to chromosomes separates. form; each chromosome
kinetochore still consists of two
Chromosomes line up sister chromatids.
Duplicated homologous
chromosomes (red and blue) by homologous pairs.
pair and exchange segments;
2n  6 in this example.
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
Centrosome
(with centriole pair) Sister chromatids
remain attached
Sister Chiasmata Centromere
chromatids (with kinetochore)
Spindle
Metaphase
plate
Cleavage
furrow
Homologous
Homologous Fragments chromosomes
chromosomes of nuclear separate
envelope
Microtubule Each pair of homologous Two haploid
attached to chromosomes separates. cells form; each
kinetochore chromosome
Duplicated homologous Chromosomes line up still consists
chromosomes (red and blue) by homologous pairs. of two sister
pair and exchange segments; chromatids.
2n  6 in this example.
Figure 13.8b
Telophase II and
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II
Cytokinesis
During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
four haploid daughter cells result, containing unduplicated chromosomes.
Sister chromatids Haploid daughter
separate cells forming
GENE
TICS
Lectures by
Erin Barley

Lectures by
Erin Barley

Lectures by
Erin Barley

GENE
TICS
Lectures by
Erin Barley

Lectures by
Erin Barley

is a term used to describe the variation in
the DNA sequence in each of our
genomes. ... Individuals of a species have
similar characteristics but they are rarely
identical.
?

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LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

The Cell Cycle

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cell Cycle

Cell division distributes identical

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

– Regeneration results from repeated cell

Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Duplicated pair Chromosomes

Haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes

Telophase I and Telophase II and

Centrosome Sister chromatids

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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