Definition of Work

Work is: force applied in direction of

displacement  displacement
  
W  F d F
 Fd cos    F cos 
d
 Work is a scalar
 Work has dimensions:
M L T-2 L = M L2 T-2
 Work has units:
Newton · Metre  Joule (J)
If a crate is pulled along the floor, only the
force component parallel to the
displacement d contributes to the work!

F
 F cos 
d
Forces do work on objects

F=5N

d=5m

Work  Fd cos 
 25 N .m  25 J
Forces do work on objects

W=1N d=3m

Work on apple by gravity = 3 J

Forces do work on objects

d=2m
F = 20 N

W = 20 N
Work on ball by Fhand = 40 J
Work on ball by Fgravity = – 40 J
 Work done by a variable force

Let the force act in the x direction, and

let it vary in magnitude with x according
to the function F(x).

What is the work done when the body

moves from some initial position to some
final position ?
F(x)

O x
O x x
 W1  F1x
W2  F2 x
W3  F3 x

W  W1  W2    WN

or
 F1x  F2 x    FN x
N
W   Fn x
n 1
To get the exact result let x  0 and the number of
intervals N   :

W  lim  Fn x
x  0
n 1

 xf

Definition: lim  Fn x   F(x)dx

x  0
n 1 xi

is the integral of F with respect to x from xi to x f .

The total work done by F in moving
a body from xi and x f is:
xf

W  F(x)dx
xi
F
F b

1 2 3 4

O x  a / 4 a x

1 1 1 1
a(b)  a(b)  a(b)  a(b)  ab
4 4 4 4
a

 Fdx  ab
0
 F  kx
F ( a, k a )

4
3
2
1
O a x
x  a / 4
2
1 a
Area of shaded region  (a)(ka)  k
a 2 2 2
a
  Fdx  k
0
2
O x
O x
Insert integration animation
Energy is the capacity of a physical
system to do work

 it comes in many forms

 it can be stored
 it can be converted into different forms
 it can never be created or destroyed
Some types of energy:

elastic

gravitational

electrical
More types of energy:

chemical

thermal

nuclear
 ENERGY OF MOTION
A constant force accelerates a bus
(mass m) from speed v1 to speed v2
over a distance d. What work is done by
the engine?
 2 2
Recall: v - v = 2a (x 2 - x1 )
2 1

where: v 2 = final velocity

x 2 = final position
v1 = initial velocity
x1 = initial position
2 2
v - v
 a 2 1
2d
Calculate work:
W = Fd
= ma d
v 22 - v12
= m d
2d
= 1 mv 2  mv1
2 1 2
2 2
Define KINETIC ENERGY:
KE = 1 mv 2
2
A truck weighs 20 times more than a
rickshaw but is moving 5 times slower.
Which has more kinetic energy?
2
KE (rickshaw) = 1
2 mv
2
KE (truck) = 1
2 (20m)(v/5)
 20
25  mv
1
2
2
Work Kinetic-Energy Principle
Net work done on object
= Change in KE of object

Work can be:

 Positive (KE increases)
 Negative (KE decreases)
Energy has the same units as work:
Joule = Newton Metre
 v0
f
x

Q: How far will the car travel before it

comes to rest?
 v0
f
x

Wnet  K f  K i  0  K i
1
 f x   mv 0 but f   mg
2

2
2
1 v0
 mgx  mv 0  x 
2

2 2 g
 W  F x
Work does not depend on time!
F x

v
Time does matter for power !
 Power is the “rate of doing work”
Work done
Power =
Time taken
If the force does not depend on time:
Work F x
 Fv
Time t
 Power = F v
Units of power: J/sec = Watts
Old units: horsepower (hp)
1 hp = 746 W = 0.746 kW
 y
x
v T


mg
Q: A 2000 kg trolley is pulled up a 30°
hill
at 20 mi/hr by a rope. How much
power is the machine providing ?
 y
x
v T


mg
 The power is P = F v = T v
 No acceleration  no net force
 Balance forces along and normal to plane

In the x direction: T  mg sin 

v = 20 mi/hr = 8.93 m/s
g = 9.8 m/s2
m = 2000 kg
sin  = sin(30o) = 0.5
P = (2000 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(8.93 m/s)(0.5)
= 88,000 W (power of machine)
 CAR POWER

Speed Friction Air P(kW) P(hp)

10 180 40 2.2 2.9

15 180 90 4.1 5.5
30 180 360 16 22.0