Simple pendulum

F   mg sin 
For small value of 
sin     T
L
x  L m
x  L
x
F   mg   mg
L 
 mg  mg sin 
  x
 L 
 2
d x  mg 
F  m 2   x
dt  L   T
2
d x g L
2
   x m
dt L x  L
Solution: x  xm cos t

g mg sin 

L
 The physical pendulum
   Mgd sin 
For small  , sin    P
d
   Mgd  C
d2
  I  I 2   Mgd 
dt
d
2
 Mgd  Mg
2
  
dt  I 
Its time period will be P
Mgd
  C
I
Mgd 
or I  2
 Mg
The quantities on the right are all measurable.
Using this formula we can determine
the rotational inertia of any body
about an axis of rotation other than
through the center of mass.
The physical pendulum includes the
simple pendulum as a special case

d  L and I  ML 2

2
I ML
T  2  2
Mgd MgL
L
 2
g
 Center of gyration

P
 L
 C  O



Mg Mg
L I I
T  2  2 L
g Mgd Md
Simple harmonic motion and uniform
circular motion
Acceleration of the particle is y
2
r v v
a   rˆ   R rˆ
2
Q
R R
acceleration along 
x direction is:
O P x
ax   R cos 
2
 y
v
Q
R
but 
O P x
x  R cos 
2
d x
 ax  2   x
2

dt
Thus point P executes simple harmonic motion
 y
Acceleration of the v
point Q is: Q
R
a y   R sin 
2

O P x
but
y  R sin 
2
d y
 a y  2   y
2

dt
Q also executes simple harmonic motion
 Composition of two simple harmonic motion
of the same period along the same line

x1  A1 sin t and x2  A2 sin  t   

The resultant displacement
x  x1  x2
 A1 sin t  A2 sin  t   
 A1 sin t  A2 sin t cos   A2 sin  cos t
 sin t  A1  A2 cos    cos t  A2 sin  
 Let A1  A2 cos   R cos 
and A2 sin   R sin 
We get x  R sin  t   
Thus the resultant motion is also simple harmonic
motion along the same line and has the same time
period. Its amplitude is

R  A  A  A1 A2 cos 
1
2 2
2

A2 sin 
tan  
A1  A2 cos 
Special cases:

If   0 then

 A1  A2 
2
R  A  A  A1 A2 
1
2 2
2  A1  A2
and
tan   0    0

We get x   A1  A2  sin t
This is constructive interference
 A
t
A
t
R  2A

t
If    then

 A1  A2 
2
R  A  A  A1 A2 
1
2 2
2  A1  A2
and
tan   0    0
We get x   A1  A2  sin t

This is destructive interference

A
t

A
t

R0 t
 Composition of two simple harmonic motions
Of the same period at right angles to each other

x  A sin t and y  B sin  t   

x
sin t   and cos t  1  x / A 2 2

A
y
 sin t cos   sin  cos t
B
x
 cos   sin  1  x / A2 2

A
 squaring and rearranging

2 2
x y xy
2
 2 2 cos   sin 
2

A B AB
This is the equation of an ellipse.
Special cases:

If   0 then
2 2 2
x y xy x y
2
 2 2 0   0
A B AB  A B
x y B
  0 or y    x
A B  A

This is the equation of a straight line. Thus the

resultant motion is a S.H.M. along a straight line
passing through the origin.
y

x
If    we get
x y B
  0 or y     x
A B  A
y

x
  For A  B y
If   then
2
2 2
x y
2
 2 1 x
A B

which is an ellipse
y
If A  B then x  y  A
2 2 2

x
which is an circle
 Lissajous Figures

x  A sin  x t and y  B sin   y t   

If two oscillations of different frequencies at

right angles are combined, the resulting motion is
more complicated. It is not even periodic unless
the two frequencies are in the ratio of integers.
This resulting curve are called Lissajous figures.

x
 integers  periodic motion
y
 Damped harmonic motion
dx
Damping force  b where b  0
dt
From Newton’s second law
r b
r k m
 F  ma
2
dx d x
kx  b m 2
dt dt
2
d x dx
 m 2  b  kx  0
dt dt
 2
k  b 
Its solution for   is
m  2m 

x  xm e  bt / 2 m
cos   ' t   
2
k  b 
where '  
m  2m 
b
k m
Forced oscillation and resonance
2
d x
m 2  k x  F0 cos t
dt
F0
Solution: x  cos  t

m 0  
2 2

Check:

mF ( )  kF
2
LHS  cos t  RHS

m 0  
2 2

Here 0 is the natural frequency of the
k
system and is given by 0 
m

There is a characteristic value of the driving

frequency  at which the amplitude of
oscillation is a maximum. This condition is
called resonance. For negligible damping
resonance occurs at   0
 Two body oscillations

x1
k
m2 m1
O
x2
2
2
d x1 d x2
m1 2  kx m2 2   kx
dt dt
 2 2
d x1 d x2
m1m2 2  m1m2 2  m2 kx  m1kx
dt dt

 m1m2  d 2
  2  x1  x2    kx
 m1  m2  dt

 m1m2 
let m   
 m1  m2 
d d dx
 x1  x2    x  L  
dt dt dt

2
d x k
2
 x0
dt m

k
m
 1

0.5
sin t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

0.5 sin 2t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

0.5 sin 3t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1
 sin t  0.5sin 2t  0.3sin 3t
1

0.5

2 4 6 8
-0.5

-1

sin t  0.3sin 2t  0.5sin 3t

1

0.5

2 4 6 8
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5 cos t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

0.5 cos 2t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

cos 3t
1

0.5

2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1
 cos t  0.5cos 2t  0.3cos 3t
1.5

0.5

2 4 6 8

-0.5

cos t  0.3cos 2t  0.5cos 3t

1.5

0.5

2 4 6 8
-0.5

-1