Sound waves generated in a tube

Decibels (db): a relative measure to

compare the intensity of different sounds
with one another

I 0  threshold of hearing
-12 3
=10 watts per cm
R  relative intensity of sound I
I
=log10
I0
 Relative Sound
Sound Intensity Intensity Level
(W / m2) (I / I0 ) (dB)
Threshold of hearing 10-12 100 0
Rustle of leaves 10-11 101 10
Whisper (at 1 m) 10-10 102 20
City street, no traffic 10-9 103 30
Conversation (at 1 m) 10-6 106 60
Pressure horn (at 1 m) 10-3 109 90
Ear damage 1 1012 120
Jet engine (at 1 m) 10 1013 130
At time t  0,
2
y  x, 0   ym sin x

At time t , in x direction;
2
y  x, t   ym sin  x  vt 

y
vt


x
Time 0 Time t
 The period T of a wave is the time to
undergo one complete cycle of motion

  vT
The frequency  is the number of waves
crossing a particular point every second:
1
 
T
x t 
y  x, t   ym sin 2   
 T 
y at any given time, has the same
value at x, x   , x  2   
y at any given position, has the same
value at t, t  T , t  2T   
Introduce wavenumber k
and angular frequency  ,
2
k

2
  2
T
 1

0.5
sin t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

0.5 sin 2t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

0.5 sin 3t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1
 sin t  0.5sin 2t  0.3sin 3t
1

0.5

2 4 6 8
-0.5

-1

sin t  0.3sin 2t  0.5sin 3t

1

0.5

2 4 6 8
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5 cos t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

0.5 cos 2t
2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1

cos 3t
1

0.5

2 4 6 8

-0.5

-1
 cos t  0.5cos 2t  0.3cos 3t
1.5

0.5

2 4 6 8

-0.5

cos t  0.3cos 2t  0.5cos 3t

1.5

0.5

2 4 6 8
-0.5

-1
Relative motion between source
and observer causes Doppler effect

Moving Observer, Source at Rest

Moving Source, Observer at Rest
 y

vO
 O
vS  0
S x
Number of waves received by an
observer at rest is v t / 

Additional number of waves

received by an observer moving
toward source with speed v0 in the
same time is v 0 t / 
 number of waves received
frequency actually heard 
unit time

vt v0t

  v  v0
  
t 
v  v0 v  v0
 
v / v
 v0 
    1  
 v 
y

vO  0
O
vS
S x
Moving Source, Observer at Rest
vs
Each wavelength is reduced by
v v vs f
   but    
  
v v v
   
  v  vs  /  v  vs 
If both source and observer are
moving then:

v  vo
  
v  vs
Microphone
Standing Waves on strings
violins, guitars, etc.

n=1

n=2

n=3
Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength
 lower frequency  higher frequency

What do you change when you tune the guitar??

 Tube open at both ends

n=1

n=2

n=3
 Resonant Frequencies

2L
n  , n  1, 2,3, 
n
v
fn  n , n  1, 2,3, 
2L
 Tube closed at one end

n=1 1 = 4L

n=3 3 = 4L/3

n=5 5 = 4L/5
 Resonant Frequencies

4L
n  , n  1,3,5, 
n
v
fn  n , n  1,3,5, 
4L