UNDERSTANDING RAPE: DESCRIBED

BY PROFESSIONALS
WITHIN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

Presented By

Maha Baig
Tahira Manzoor
Asima Bibi
Hira Fakher
Muqadas Fatima
 Introduction

 The following study aimed to gain an understanding of rape with the help of

individuals who were employed within the justice system as they had first-hand

experience in handling such cases

 Groth and Hobson (1983) define rape as “a form of sexual aggression” that is

not sexually motivated. They further explain that rape is any type of sexual

activity imposed on a person against will and without consent.

 The men who were able to force their sexual desires
Evolutionary on women, able to reproduce more adeptly, and
likely to have more offspring with their traits

That rape is inspired by political motivations to

Theories Feminist dominate and degrade and see rape as more of a
violent act than a sexual act.

The male sex derive is uncontrollable and that

Self control their sexual urges cannot be controlled and they
are not responsible for their actions.

Narcissistic men’s ‘’exaggerated sense of entitlement’’

Narcissistic cause them to form higher expectations of receiving
sexual favors than other men would have.

The crime theory little emphasizes on the legitimate

Crime means to achieve power and specifies illegal means and
encourages citizens to employ illegal means for power
 Literature Review
 In a research by Jayapalani (2017) many factors were identified which predisposes a person to

sexual abuse like: a person's improper dress code, attractiveness, opposite sex, lack of

awareness, disabilities, environmental and family factors predisposes a person to sexual abuse.

  Another research was conducted which explored women’s experiences of reporting rape to the

police by Maw & Kagee (2007) showed the dissatisfaction from the responses from police

personnel.

• The results concluded there is need to create awareness around the rights of rape survivors

who report rape to the police, as well as to educate police officers with regards to the

sensitivity of the issue of rape

Rationale of study
In the current era rape cases seem to be exponentially rising, with the occurrence of several cases almost every day. In light of recent

events such as the “Motorway incident” on 9 th September 2020 which seemingly sparked a nationwide outrage in Pakistan, it was

important to gain insight on rape and how the individuals who come to deal with such cases explain it. This research aimed to gain

professional insight on the phenomena of rape, to approach individuals with experience in handling rape cases to obtain an idea of their

views and experience regarding the matter which we assumed would be much more beneficial and trustworthy than the norm.

The Researcher’s Personal Context

The researchers wished to carry out this research because the topic seemed to be an extremely important

matter. As members of a society, we wish to help spread knowledge that will benefit the society. Therefore, we

though it best to consult those who we deemed would provide us with the most accurate and valuable information

that can help clear our doubts and demolish any misconceptions we may have developed.
 Objectives Inquiry
Questions
The main objectives of this research
were as following  What are causes or main
 This research aims to explore the opinions
of experts (Lawyers and Police officers) factors contributing to rape?
about rape.
 What factors motivate a
 To obtain the views of experts about the
implementation of laws for rapists rapist ?
 To explore the factors which mainly
contribute to rape
 What is the legal recognition
 Explore how to best handle the situation of rape as a crime?
after rape
 
 Methodology
 Non probability purposive sampling technique was used.

 Method used in qualitative research was thematic analysis.

 Interviewees included 2 professionals.

 In depth semi- structured interview was conducted.

 Interview lasted between 10 min to 30 min.

 Verification criteria used was intercoding reliability

 Data collection took place in October 2020.

 The interview was recorded in mobile audio recorder and

then transcribed verbatim.

 Results and analysis
 An inductive approach of thematic analysis was used in this

research using line-by-line coding in an initial reading of the

transcript.

 The codes were then organized into categories then

 themes which emerged through the coding process

 then analyzed.

 The verification criteria used was intercoder reliability

Codes Interview 1
Victim’s characteristic
Fault of victim
Rapist’s personality
Rapist’s mentality
Kidnapping
Giving consent
Relationship problems
After rape
DNA
Handling rape cases
After effects of rape
Interviewee’s role
Role of police
Help available
Lawyer’s role
Stopping rape
Laws
Punishment for rapists
Capital punishment
Definition
Types
Society’s perspective
Culture and Islam
Political views
False accusations
Frequency
Interview 2
Y N
Y N
Y N
Y Y
Y N Master table showing
Y N codes and their
Y N
N Y
respective interviews
Y Y
Y Y
Y N
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y N
Y N
Y N
Y Y
N Y
N Y
Y N
Y Y
Y N
Y N
Y Y
Y N
 Flowchart of
Themes,
categories and
codes
 Themes Category Codes
Factors contributing Victim Victim’s characteristic
to rape Fault of victim
Rapist Rapist’s personality
Table showing Rapist’s mentality
Themes, Causes of rape Kidnapping
Giving consent
categories and Relationship problems
codes Aftermath of the incident Dealing with rape After rape
DNA
Handling rape cases
After effects of rape
Help available Interviewee’s role
Role of police
Help available
Lawyer’s role
Stopping rape
Laws
Punishment Punishment for rapists
Capital punishment
Personalized outlook Defining rape Definition
Types
Social perspective Society’s perspective
Culture and Islam
Political views
Problems faced False accusations
Frequency
Factors contributing to rape

In this theme the interviewees were able to point out what they thought were
some of the major contributing factors towards rape. Participants explained
how many rapists tend to harbor certain types of personalities and ideologies

‫ جب بچہ مینٹلی ٹارچر ہوتا ہے یا گھر میں کسی‬. ‫زیادہ تر بچے اپنا ٹائم اسکول میں گزرتے ہیں‬
‫ نہیں ہوتا وہ کہتے ہیں كے ہمیں سکون ملنا‬satisfy ‫ جس کا مائنڈ‬. ‫كے ساتھ زیادتی ہوتی ہے‬
‫چاہیے‬

And that many cases of rape in Pakistan especially are often a result of the
victim being in a relationship

. ‫ لوگوں نے کیا کرنا ہوتا ہے‬% 90 ‫جب بھی کوئی گرل فرینڈ یا بوائے فریںڈ بنے تو آپ کو پتہ ہے‬
‫جب لڑکی نہیں مانتی تو ِپھر لڑکا زبردستی کرتا ہے‬
Aftermath of the incident

This theme revolved around using our interviewees’ expertise opinion to derive some
beneficial information that may help victims
The main priority was on the obtaining of DNA sample of the perpetuator as quickly
as possible

‫گھنٹے‬ 72 ‫ ہوتا ہے اس کے‬DNA ‫ یہ جو‬. ‫ نا کریں‬delay ‫یہ ہونی چائیے كے‬ technicality ‫سب سے پہلے‬
‫ آنے كے‬DNA positive ‫ ہو گا اتنے ہی‬delay ‫ جتنا‬. ‫ آنے كے‬positive ‫كے اندر اندر چانسس ہوتے‬
.‫چانسس کام ہوتے جاتے‬

They also expressed their opinions regarding what they thought would be a suitable
punishment for rapists
‫ ریپسٹ كے لیے سزا‬.‫نہیں ہو گا‬publically hang ‫سعودیہ كے عالوہ کسی بھی ملک میں کوئی بندہ‬
.‫ نہیں ہونی چاہیے‬public ‫ بہترین ہے لیکن‬hanging
‫‪Personalized outlook‬‬

‫‪This theme revolved around the interviewee’s personal thoughts and their‬‬
‫‪perception and definition of rape which happened to be influenced by their‬‬
‫‪profession. But they made sure to point out that anyone can be a victim of it .‬‬
‫یہ دونوں کا ہو سکتا لڑکے کا بھی اور لڑکی کا بھی ‪ ،‬یہ نہیں ہوتا كے صرف لڑکی کا ریپ ہوتا……‪..‬‬
‫………… ہمارے ‪ mindset‬میں ہوتا ہے كے بھائی لڑکے ہی لڑکیوں کو اغواہ کرتے ہیں‪.‬‬

‫‪Interviewees also informed us how they thought religion played a key role‬‬
‫اسالم نے بہت زور دیا ہوا ہے ‪ ،‬یہاں پر یہ کرنا کوئی آسان کام نہیں ‪ ،‬ہر بندہ جو بھی مسلمان ہے اِس کو‬
‫سب سے بری چیز سمجھتا ہے ‪ .‬ہاں کونسینٹ ہو تو جو مرضی کریں ‪ ،‬کونسینٹ كے بغیر جو بہت‬
‫ہی‪ ‬نادید‪ ‬لوگ ‪ ،‬بہت ہی برے لوگوں کی جو کیٹیگری ہوتی ہے اِس لیول پر‪ ‬پہنچتے‪ ‬ہیں‬
 DISCUSSION

THEMES

Factors
Aftereffects of the Personalized
contributing to
incident outlook
rape
Factors contributing to rape :
In this chapter as there were main themes obtained after analysis. The first and
foremost theme was factors contributing to rape.
 The main category under this theme was rapists mentality. The research results
showed that rapists are mentally ill persons.
 They are more aggressive and they are mentally disturbed persons. This category
of rapists thinking was reinforced by a previous research as A qualitative research
was conducted and the findings of this research supported the category of
mentality of rapists as this research found that rapists are aggressive, mentally
disturbed, impulsive individuals. (Lev-Wiesel, 2004)
After Rape
Under this theme the main category was collecting a solid evidence and DNA results
play a vital role here, it is best that the collection of the sample is not delayed and is
taken within a period of 72 hours to ensure that the results are positive since the
medical reports serve as the most solid and valid evidence in court.
 This after rape theme is supported a previous qualitative study entitled as
Adolescent Sexual Assault Victims’ Experiences with SANE-SARTs and Criminal
justice system .
 The findings of this study showed the more delay there was between the assaults
and when the survivor had medical forensic exam, the less likely the case would
progress further through the system, but there were no significant effects for
physical or anogenital injuries. (Megan et.al, 2011) .
Subjective Views :
A sub-category under the theme of subjective view is religion. The participants also
stated how according to their point of view religion and culture impacts one’s
ideology along with the importance of consent which was repeatedly stated.
 This category of religion Islam having views which were supported by a previous
research A problem of crime Classification in Islamic law.
 As this research reported that in islam rape is considered a serious sexual crime.
The classical jurists called it Zina bi- ikrah. (Noor, 2010)
 Implications
 This study was done with the intention of obtaining useful data from
knowledgeable individuals regarding rape and what we can about it.
 the purpose of this study was to help raise awareness and spread accurate and
established factual data that may prove to be beneficial to a variety of
audience.
 Key points included what to do after rape as well as an overview of what type
of help is available at each respective institution within the criminal justice
system.
 Conclusions
The study aimed to gain an understanding of rape with the help of individuals who were employed

within the justice system. A qualitative approach was used and two semi structured were analyzed

using thematic analysis. The interviews were conducted and transcribed in Urdu and then coded line

by line. They were further categorized into themes and then interpreted

There were 3 emerging themes from interviews which were:

 Factors contributing to rape

 Aftermath of the incident

 Personalized outlook
 Limitations
& Suggestions

 The sample size was too  More professions within the

small and lacked variability justice system should have

 Such a small sample size been approached

limited the quantity of  A larger sample size would

information have yielded richer data

THANK YOU