Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LM2 - Medical Evidence
LM2 - Medical Evidence
2. Testimonial Evidence
• Physician may be commanded to appear before
the court to give his testimony
• Physician may be presented in court as an
• Ordinary witness or
• Expert witness
Types of Testimonial Evidence
A. Ordinary Witness:
• A physician who testifies in court on matters he
perceived from his patient in the course of physician-
patient relationship is considered as an ordinary witness
• Sec. 18, Rule 130- Exemption to the ordinary witness
rule, privilege of communication between physician
and patient- (Sec. 24 (c), Rule 130)
• Hearsay information is as a rule not admissible in court (Sec.
30, rule 130)
• Exemption to non-admissibility of hearsay evidence -DYING
DECLARATION (Sec 37, Rule 130)
Types of Testimonial Evidence
B. Expert Witness:
• A physician on account of his training and
experience can give his opinion on a set of
medical facts
• Sec. 49, Rule 130, Opinion Rule
Types of Medical Evidence
3. Experimental Evidence:
Example: A doctor may come to court
and give lethal injection of poison to a
rat to demonstrate its effect on human
beings
Types of Medical Evidence
4. Documentary Evidence:
• Most common is medico-legal certificate
(Bring-out your medico-legal certificate)
• Types:
• Medical Certificate
• Medical Examination, Physical Examination, Necropsy
(autopsy), Laboratory Examination, Exhumation, Birth
Certificate and Death Certificate
• Medical Expert Opinion- Conclusions
• Depositions
Medico-legal History &
Physical Examination Form
(Front page) from the
Medicolegal Logbook as
required by the Police
Authorities
Medico-legal History &
Physical Examination
Form (back page) from
the Medicolegal
Logbook as required by
the Police Authorities
Types of Medical Evidence
5. Physical Evidence:
• Articles or materials found in connection with the
investigation
• Aids in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the
circumstances under which the crime was committed, or
• In general assist in the prosecution of the criminal
• Types:
A. Corpus Delicti Evidence - Objects or substances, which
may be part of the body of the crime
Types of Physical Evidence
B. Associative Evidence
• Physical Evidence which links a suspect to a crime.
• e.g. Broken headlights of a car wearing apparel of
offender in the crime scene of rape
C. Tracing evidence
• Physical Evidence that may help the investigator to locate
the suspect
• e.g. Drops of blood going towards the direction
where the suspect fled
Preservation of Evidences
• Methods of Preserving Evidences:
1. Photographs, Audio or video tape, microfilm,
photostat, photocopy (xerox), voice tracing …
2. Sketching
3. Description
4. Manikin
5. Preservation in the mind of the witness
6. Special Methods
Methods of Preserving Evidences
2. Sketching –
• kinds:
• Rough sketch – made at the crime scene or during
examination of living or dead body
• Finished sketch – prepared from the rough sketch for
court presentation
Sketching Method
6. Special Methods
• Special way of treating certain type of
evidence may be necessary
• Preservation may be essential from the time it
is recovered to make the condition unchanged
up to the period it reaches the criminal
laboratory for appropriate examination
Methods of Preserving Evidences:
6. Special Methods
• Special Methods of Preservation
A. Whole human body – embalming
B. Soft Tissue – 10% formalin solution
C. Blood – refrigeration, sealed bottle container,
chemical preservatives
D. Stains (blood, semen) – drying or sealed container
E. Poison – sealed container
F. Tissue sections
Kinds of Evidence Necessary for
Conviction
1. Direct Evidence
That which proves the fact in dispute without the aid of any
inference or presumption.
Res ipsa loquitor – evidence speaks for itself
2. Circumstantial Evidence
Proof of fact(s) from which taken either singly or collectively,
the existence of a particular fact in dispute may be inferred as a
necessary or probable consequence
When is Circumstantial Evidence
Sufficient to Produce Conviction?
1. More than 1 circumstance
2. Fact(s) from which inferences are derived are
proven
3. When combination of all circumstances is such
as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable
doubt (Sec 4, Rule 123, Rules of Court)
QUALITIES of a GOOD EXPERT
WITNESS:
• Reputable professional background (education,
formal training, office, work/experience,
affiliations)
• Personal integrity and good judgment
• Attitude of competence, credibility and concern
• Objective, neutral, independent and sincere
QUALITIES of a GOOD EXPERT
WITNESS:
• “the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the
truth”
• Credibility hinges on not just “what” was said but
“how” it was said
• Convincing
• Able to communicate (clear, articulate, simple,
concise; in lay man’s terms)
• A good teacher
QUALITIES of a GOOD EXPERT
WITNESS:
• Not an advocate even if he/she testifies for only
one side of the case
• Opinions/conclusions are reached independently
of interests of litigants
• Informs the counsel of the party engaging his
services of all favorable and unfavorable
information
• Must acquaint himself/herself of courtroom
procedures, decorum, layout, availability of
presentation aids
QUALITIES of a GOOD EXPERT
WITNESS:
• Must disclose to the lawyer who engages him
anything that he thinks might affect the
effectiveness of his testimony
• Willing to disagree with so-called authorities if
convinced that they are wrong
• Recognizes that contrary opinions will not
necessarily discredit him
• Most effective if firmly convinced that the theory
of liability espoused by counsel is viable and
he/she corroborates this
EXPERT WITNESS:
J
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Jeoffrey Andawi
Case Discussion:
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Jeff
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