EXTERIOR FACADE

Exterior Facade of High-Rise

Exterior facades is one of the most important parts of the

high rise building. It can be used from both side inner-
outer, inner side used by the users and the outer side used
by the visitors or traveler, at that sense architect Norman
foster said it public. Ken Yeang mention exterior façade as
a skin , he also called it vertical landscaping.

Exterior façade also

controls light , view and
natural ventilation. For
this region famous
architect invent and used
new materials and
technology to ensure

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maximum use of natural
light, ventilation , view
with proper heat control

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and to ensure the
maximum energy saving .
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Issues on Facade Designing of High- rise
• Natural ventilation
• Energy consumption
• Structure
• Context, Culture and tradition
• Economy

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Natural ventilation is the

most important issue on facade
design of the high-rise . In the
early high-rise façade design, it
could not be possible to take this
advantage. Wind presser is a
great difficulties for natural
ventilation of a high-rise .
The wind presser is so high in the
top floors so that at the past the
openings could not use properly .
These were only used for light
and view rather than ventilation,
but now a days some innovative
architects overcome this problem
and can ensure natural ventilation
in the high-rise by their innovative
ideas.

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commerzbank is the most
common example to solve this
issue .In this project architect

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Norman foster solve this issue
properly.
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Energy consumption is an
other important issue on façade
design of high-rise. It is very
much related to the natural
ventilation. When architects
would like to ensure natural
ventilation In high-rise , they also
realize that it can reduce huge
energy consumption, now a
days, some architect design
their high-rise façade more
transparent and use high
technology which is ensure not
only energy saving but also
produce energy .

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Architect ken yang has created

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bioclimatic architecture by
considering this issue Menara Boustead
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In a façade design, one of the major issue is
true structural expression .
In early high-rise façade was
more decorative, but now
architects express the structure
in their exterior facade so that
buildings are looking so light and
simple.

Some architect’s like Norman

Foster, Richard Rogers innovate
new ideas by considering this
issue.

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 Exterior façade also
designed by
considering the
context. The ratio
between solid and
Economy is one of the more void, depends on
important issues on the façade the context of that
design of a high-rise. high-rise. The
In a façade , an architect should façade design also
use the material by considering the considered by the
availability of the material in that culture and tradition.
context so that the context so that
the construction period can be
minimize and the maintenance can
be easy. In the short, the façade
material must to be cost effective .
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
By considering construction period (SOM) designed National
and maintenance, pre-fabricated Commercial Bank, Saudi

facade
materials are used now-a-days. Arabia by considering the
context.

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 Classification of Facade Technology

General facades

Photovoltaic

Glazing
Double Skin Facades
Façade Technology
Shading Devices

Hydrophobic
Self-cleaning

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Intelligent facades Hydrophilic

Hybrid Facades

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General facades

At the past, low-rise and

high-rise facades were
same. So, high-rise
buildings were faced various
problems like natural
ventilation, energy
consumption etc. so, at the
case of high-rise, general
facades is going to be
discouraged day-by-day.

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Wain wright building
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Double Skin Facades
 
As indicated by the term “double-skin” such a façade is intended
to mean a system in which two "skins" - two layers of glass - are
separated by a significant amount of air space, that is to say,
a second glass façade is placed in front of the first. These two
sheets of glass act as an insulation between the outside and
inside enabling the air to circulate between the cavity of the two
facades skin providing good air circulation, thermal and acoustic
performance, etc. The type of double-skin façade then
determines the type of air circulation.

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Glazing
                                           
The most common pane types used for Double
Skin Facades are:

•For the internal skin (façade): Usually, it consists of a thermal

insulating double or triple pane. The panes are usually
toughened or unhardened float glass. The gaps between the
panes are filled with air, argon or krypton. Low-emittance
coatings on the interior glass façade reduce radiative heat
gains to the interior.

•For the external skin (façade): Usually it is a toughened

(tempered) single pane. Sometimes it can be a laminated
glass instead. Common exterior layer is also a heat
strengthened safety glass or laminated safety glass. For
higher degree of transparency, flint glass can be used as the
exterior layer.

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Shading Devices

The shading devices (often venetian

blinds) are placed inside the cavity for
protection reasons. The characteristics
of the blind influence the physical
properties of the cavity. Thus, their
selection should be made after
considering the proper combination
between them, the pane type, the cavity
geometry and the ventilation strategy .
The position of the shading within this
space therefore plays a major role in
the distribution of the heat gains in the
intermediate space.

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•location of the building (outdoor temperatures, daylight availability, etc)
•orientation of the facade
•geometry of the cavity

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•size and positioning of the interior and exterior openings of the cavity
•ventilation type of the cavity
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Self-cleaning Facades
Several approaches have been made in recent
years to fight dirt build-up on roofs, facades and
windows. Self-cleaning coatings are improving
constantly. Window manufacturers can be very
demanding when it comes to the quality of the
coatings. Not only maintenance of the facades
must be minimized by the self-cleaning function,
but durability for the lifetime of the facade,
optical quality and scratch resistance are equally
important. Currently, there exist two main
categories of self-clean coatings: hydrophobic
and hydrophilic.
Hydrophilic – water attracting - coatings can be photo
catalytically active and break-up organic dirt, which
can be washed away by the water-sheeting effect on
hydrophilic surfaces. Hydrophilic coatings are
mechanically much more stable. They face
challenges by metal ions from rainwater poisoning
their photo catalytic activity over time and some also
exhibit a certain colors tint.
Hydrophobic coatings repel water and dirt and
prevent water drops from drying on the glass
pane and leaving ugly stains. The biggest
problem of this type of coating is that most
hydrophobic coatings do not exhibit enough
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hydrophobic (contact angle with water > 1500)
for the self-cleaning effect to work. These
coatings are often termed easy-clean.
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Hybrid Facades

One of the most important arguments

for the use of double skin facades is that
natural ventilation throughout the year is
made possible. However, this function is
considerable compromised by the fact that
the air from the exterior heats up inside the
cavity of the façade.

In order to deal with this disadvantage

hybrid facades were developed, where a
double skin façade is combined with a
separation façade module for natural
ventilation.

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Photovoltaic glass Facades
Photovoltaic glass is a special glass with
integrated solar cells, to convert solar energy
into electricity. This means that the power for
an entire building can be produced within the
roof and façade areas.

The solar cells are embedded between two

glass panes and a special resin is filled
between the panes, securely wrapping the solar
cells on all sides. Each individual cell has two
electrical connections, which are linked to other
cells in the module, to form a system which
generates
a direct electrical current.

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Development of Facade design

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1902 1915 1931 1956 1968 1973 1979 1990 1997 2004 2008

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More decorative true expression and simplification Energy efficient façades

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The Flatiron Building
Architect Daniel H. Burnham and Co.
Location 175 Fifth Ave, New York.
Date 1902
Style Chicago Early Modern
Construction Steel frame which is covered with limestone
Building type Office Building
Exterior building material Limestone , glass
Height 87m

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This lyrical building remains the New York's oldest
skyscraper. the architect Daniel H. Burnham, by
using an exuberant mix of gothic and Renaissance
detailing.

The building is divided in three parts, the base in

rusticated buff limestone with copper-clad windows,
the main body of pale-colored bricks and terra-cotta
with unusual and gracious undulating oriels, and the
capital represented here by arches and columns
topped by a heavy projected cornice and a flat
balustraded roof.

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The barely two – metre apex of the triangle
reminded the famous photographer Alfred Stieglitz of

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the bow of a huge ocean – going steamer .

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Equitable Building
Architect Ernest R. Graham & Associates
Location 120 Broadway, between Pine and Cedar Streets.
Date 1915
Style Beaux-Arts
Construction Steel frame , limestone clad .
Building type Office

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The façade
conceals the
structure of the
building .
It is structure in
accordance with
the classical
system of plinth,
standard storey
and crown like
apex. The design
is clearly
influenced by the
Beaux-Arts
tradition. Granite
was used for the
first three floors so
that the tower

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harmonised with
neighbouring
buildings. The

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upper floors were
clad in terracotta.
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Empire state building
Architect Rchmond Shreve , William Lamb and Arthur Harmon

Location New York, USA.

Date 1931

Style modern

Construction Reinforced concrete with cantilevered floors.

Building type Office

Height 1250ft

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The windows are separated by cast
aluminum spandrels, sand blasted to
a dull gray finish to blend in with the
glass. Limestone was chosen
because it is harder than marble, and
softer than granite, which is difficult to
quarry and cut in comparison. It holds
up well in this type of climate, has
great texture, and is low
maintenance.

In energy
considerations,
the Pentagon is
also faced in
Indiana limestone,
encloses roughly
the same volume
as the steel and

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glass enclosed
World Trade
Center, but only

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half the energy
More decorative A worker bolts beams during construction
costs.
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Price Tower
Architect Frank Lloyd W right
Location Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
Date 1956
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete with self-supporting floors.
Building type Vertical multifamily house.
Height 56m

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Wright had really
designed his concrete-
and-glass tree just the
way he wanted it: the
vertical service core was
the trunk, and all utilities
were contained within
this vertical shaft. All
floors were cantilevered
out from it, and the
exterior skin was simply
sheathed in glass and
metal.

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More decorative

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Alcoa Building
Architect SOM Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.
Location San Francisco , USA
Date 1968
Style Modern
Building type Office
Height 116m

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The façade design is determined by the load-
bearing structure, whose vertical columns and
diagonal Bracing recall the lattice girders of the
Golden Gate Bridge piers. The curtain wall, which
encloses the space, is located 46cm behind the

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load-bearing structure. The cladding of the steel
structure and the profiles of the curtain wall are
made of bronze-colored anodized aluminum. The

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spandrels are the same colour as the tinted glass
windows.
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Sears Towers

Architect Bruce Graham of SOM Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.

Location Chicago, USA
Date 1974
Style Modern
Building type Office, observation deck
Height 443m

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In combination with the modest load bearing structure,
the glass and metal façade lends the building the
appearance of a shining abstract sculpture designed to
be viewed from afar which seems to rise unexpectedly
out of the ground .One has the feeling that it could be
built even higher.

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Lloyds Building

Architect Richard Rogers

Location London ,England.

Date 1979

Style High-tech Modern

Building type Office.

Height

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Whereas the frame of the building has a long
life expectancy, the servant areas, filled with
mechanical equipment have a relatively short
life, especially in this energy-critical period.
The servant equipment, mechanical services,
lifts, toilets, kitchens, fire stairs, and lobbies,
sit loosely in the tower framework, easily
accessible for maintenance, and replaceable
in the case of obsolescence.

The key to this changing juxtaposition of parts

is the legibility of the role of each technological
component, which is functionally expressed to
the full.

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Bank of China
Architect I.M.Pei and Partners
Location Hong Kong, China
Date 1990
Style modern
Construction Concrete Trusses
Building type Bank, Office
Height 369m

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The fields of the reinforced
steel truss framework on the
outside of the building are
filled with a flush steel-glass
structure. The façade and
the skeleton from a flush
surface.
The façade forms apart of
the light-coloured load-
bearing structure, thus
creating a marked contrast
to the dark glazing.

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Commerzbank
Architect Sir Norman foster and Partners
Location Frankfurt, Germany.
Date 1997
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete
Building type Bank, Office, Shops, Restaurant
Height 259

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The design of the layered,
operable façade on this project
is central to the issue of
sustainability. These facades
allow for ventilation on the
scale of the office just as the
winter gardens provide
ventilation for the entire
building. Aside from a well
ventilated workspace, lighting is
of great concern. Virtually all
offices
must have a window to provide
light and a view outside. These
facades provide that light in
quantities sufficient to make the
workplace pleasant.The
drawing at the bottom is of the
original facade design. Note
that both intake of fresh air and

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exhaust of old air take place in
the same area within the
facade. The built design

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provides for the separation of
these two making for much
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The New York Times Building

Architect Renzo Piano

Location
Date 2004
Construction Late Modern (international style)
Building type Office
Exterior building material Ceramic pipe

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 New technologies are
allowing architects to
redefine a whole new
relationship between
the interior and the
exterior . An important
element that the place is
the quality of its natural
light .

Researchers in Berkeley Lab's

Environmental Energy Technologies Division
have long studied daylighting as a means to
more efficient interior lighting
Low-emissivity
glass screened
by ceramic
tubes will
reduce the

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building's
cooling loads.

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View of exterior facade of day lighting mockup.

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Burj Dubai
Architect Adrian Smith The design
Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates. of Burj
2008 (underconstructiom) Dubai is
Date
reminiscent
Style modern of the
Frank Lloyd
Construction Reinforced concrete with cantilevered
Wright
Building type Mixed used vision for
The Illinois,
Height 628.8m
a mile high
skyscraper
designed
for
Chicago.

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One-mile-High Burj Dubai
Skyscraper
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The exterior cladding of Burj Dubai
will consist of reflective glazing with
aluminum and textured stainless
steel spandrel panels with vertical
tubular fins of stainless steel. The
cladding system is designed to
withstand Dubai's extreme summer
temperatures.

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Exterior Prefabricated Wall

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF FACADE MATERIAL
The most visible choice, along with the general form of the building, made by
the designers/developers is about the facade treatment. The one hundred
years have seen a myriad of NYC high-rise facade claddings that partly also
reflect the technological advances of the day. The primary materials are
presented below, divided by their origin.

1 - STONE FACINGS
2 - BRICKS AND CERAMICS
3 - METAL FACINGS
4 - CONCRETE
5 - GLASS

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1- STONE FACINGS
Limestone is a sedimentary rock that consists of hardened
sediments of calcium carbonate created in prehistoric seabed's
from remnants of shells, corals etc.. It is usually white or light-
colored and relatively soft and porous, making it easy to cut.
Limestone is probably the most common natural stone facing in the
skyscrapers, but it has also other important uses for building
industry.

Travertine is a porous white limestone that is filled with cavities

and visible remnants of fossils. Found especially in Italy. See the
Grace Plaza and its, well, plaza.

Marble is a stone metamorphosed from limestone or its "cousin",

dolomite, by mechanical forces and water into a crystallized form.
Quarried in a variety of colors and vein patterns, marble is usually
used as a polished finish. As a commercial term, marble can mean
any polishable rock consisting of calcium carbonate. Marbles from
Vermont in the USA and from Italy are widely used as claddings.
CBS Building
Granite is an igneous rock that was solidified from the molten

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magma below the Earth's crust. It includes quartz and is thus very
durable and suitable also for demanding surroundings. Quarried in
differing colors, granite is usually used in skyscrapers as a

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polished finish. An exception the "Black Rock", the CBS Building
is clad in unpolished black granite.
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2 - BRICKS AND CERAMICS
Terra-cotta, meaning "cooked earth", is made of
molded red clay that is hardened in high temperature to
a red-colored entity. It can be used as natural-colored,
painted or glazed (in the baking oven). Although
considerably older as a material, its architectural use
derived from the Greek in the 7th Century B.C. and had
its hey-day in the Renaissance period. Easily
manufacturability, cheap and enabling the molding of
long series of delicately decorated facade pieces, it was
a material that finally gave the skyscraper, literally, its
face in the late 19-Century USA. Moreover, it was fire- Flatiron Building
resistant and light in weight, not loading the frame with
its own weight to a great degree, like stone did. Terra-
cotta enabled the intensive through-building facade
decoration of the Flatiron Building.
AT&T Building
Burned brick has been around already since 3000 BC.
It consists of clay that is cut or compressed into blocks
that are then burned. The resulting block is usually red,
but with additives or selected type of clay, manufacture

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of bricks of other colors is also possible. Bricks absorb
water, but their mechanical and chemical durability is
good -- thousands of years old structures have lasted to

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our day. The AT&T Building is an example of a brick-
faced high-rise.
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Sand lime brick has been manufactured widely
only since the turn of the century. The raw
materials are sand with high quartz content,
lime and water. The mass is compressed, cut to
blocks and hardened. Sand lime bricks absorb
water easily and deteriorate in acidic
surroundings. Another facing found in city's
post-war apartment buildings.

Ceramic tiles are another material dating back

to antiquity. The raw material consists of clay
and a variety of powdered minerals. The
material is formed into thin tiles that are burned
and usually glazed. Ceramic facade tiles are
durable and easy to maintain, they also have a New York times
good resistance to water or chemicals.

Now-a-days ceramic is using for advanced

facade technology. Recently Richard Rogers
has used economic tube as shedding device in

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his New York times building

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3 - METAL FACINGS

Although cast-iron wasn't used as a facade

material in considerably tall buildings, its use as a
bolted-on exterior to a masonry or timber frame in
the 19th Century loft buildings was followed in a
similar principal by the other metal (and glass)
facings. The SoHo Cast-iron District has several of
these fake-masonry buildings.

Steel has been around in its present form from the

mid-1800s. Steel is made from nature's iron ore
which is melted and turned into raw iron in a blast
furnace. That material can be then turned into
either cast-iron or steel, depending on the amount
of coal particles in the finished product. Cast-iron,
with its higher coal content, is more brittle in high
temperatures and was less suitable for tall
structures, drawbacks that the Bessemer process
of removing (most of) the coal removed and
opened the way structurally to the really tall high-

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rises. As for steel's facade use, the usual material
is stainess steel, with a high chrome content to
prevent corrosion. Steel is rolled into plates of 0.5-

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1.2 mm thickness and used in skyscrapers mostly
as a part of the glass facades.
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Aluminum is the third most common element on the Earth, after oxygen
and silicon. Aluminum is found and quarried mostly as a part of bauxite.
Although the process of extracting aluminum from bauxite requires a lot
of electricity, it pays much of that "investment" back with being much
more recyclable and maintenance-free than steel. Although aluminum
creates an oxide layer in open air as a protection against corrosion, it
deteriorates if in contact with impurities and water. Corrosion can be
prevented with chemical or electrochemical surface treatments as well
as finishes such as plastic layers or painting. The embossed facade of
the Socony-Mobil Building is of aluminum.

The only example of the use of bronze in an NYC skyscraper facade is

the Seagram Building, but the fact that it became the most expensive
skyscraper.

Copper has been used in buildings for thousands of years. It has very
good resistance against corrosion in all conditions. A prominent
characteristic of copper is the fact that it slowly weathers into a green
surface, a sure way to tell apart an old copper surface. As copper, like
alumium, oxidizes to create a protective surface (which in copper's case

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darkens the surface) there is really no need for specific protective
treatments -- it can be, however, treated to weather into green faster
than naturally. Although generally used also as a facade material, in

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NYC high-rises its use has been as a roof material. The Hotel Pierre is
an example.
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4 - CONCRETE
Concrete is a material of Roman origin, which, however,
practically disappeared between the 5th and 19th Centuries. The
development of Portland cement in 1824 started the widespread
modern concrete industry. Concrete's raw materials are cement
(different types), appropriate stone aggregate, water and
additives. The mass is poured into forms, either in factory or cast
in-situ, and allowed to dry.

As a "man-made" stone, the type of raw materials and method of

mass mixing and drying all affect the properties of resultant finish,
but in general exposed concrete absorbs water and suffers in
acidic surroundings as well as under heavy mechanical wear.
Also the impurities together with rainwater can cause problems,
albeit usually only aesthetic (like with all light-colored, coarse-
surfaced materials). Usual, "unflaired" concrete is gray, but
different-colored concrete can be made by choices of cement and
color pigmentation. A variety of form surfaces can be used to
produce different finishes, but in facade use the work is aimed at
the best possible result, especially if an exposed concrete facade
is used. The surface can be also covered with ceramic or brick

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tiles or painted.

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The exposed, pre-cast concrete elements of the Pan Am Building
tower are an example of skyscraper concrete facing .
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5 - GLASS

The history of glass dates back to 7000 B.C., and the first
modern manufacturing method is from the 17th Century. The
raw materials of glass are diverse, but the most common
combination is silicate oxide as the main material, natrium
oxide to lower the melting temperature of the main glass
material and calcium oxide as a stabilator.

“New glass technologies are allowing architects to redefine a

whole new relationship between the interior and the exterior.”

Different type’s of glass

• Insulated glass

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• Tempered glass
• Ultra clear glass
• Laminated glass

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• Wired glass
• Stained glass
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Ultra-clear glass is
also named low iron
glass. Normally it is
kinds of plant glass
with highly clear,
highly Tran missive, Ultra-clear glass
highly smooth. And it
Insulting Glass
is a new type of
This glass provides a very high
deeply processed
resistance to heat flow. It is
glass; also it is a
composed of two or more plates of

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new type advanced
glass separated by 6 to 13 mm of
structural glass with
dehydrated captive air. The edge of
environment
the glass are kept sealed. The

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protection, economic
sealed air, reduces transmission of
on energy. heat and insulating effects.
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 Laminated glass
Laminated glass has an
excellent ability to resist impact
load and it has very desirable
post-breakage behavior. Unlike
toughened glass, with
laminated glass one does not
Tempered glass have to worry about the
potential risk of nickel sulphide
and exploding breakage

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We can supply glass panels featuring all types of designs
that are made up of 3 compressed layers of tempered glass.
With streamline forms, bathrooms, colorful and

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distinguished designs our panels are suitable for bedrooms,
halls, and more.
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Case study (Bangladeshi projects)

Prio-prangan

Architect Uttam shaha.

Location Bangladesh.
Date 1989
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete with cantilevered floors.
Building type Apartment

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Advantage
This project is divided in four towers. The two towers of the
south or front side are low heighten so that natural ventilation
could be permitted into the complex and all master beds of
this building, are situated in the southern side so that in the
winter, sun light and in the summer, monsoonal air could be
enter in the room.
To scale down the high-rise, the upper portion of this building,
is splited and modified as terrace.

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The Bashundhara City
Architect Mustafa khalid polash.
Location Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Date 1998
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete
Building type office

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Advantages
• The exterior facades are designed by
considering the aesthetic value which is
important for high-rise.
• The architect created a landmark this is
also important for high-rise.

• The Architect has used prefabricated

material because prefabricated material

Disadvantages
• The exterior facades are made
by glass and Aluco bond both of
the material gains heat which is
not good for Bangladesh.

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UTC Building

Architect Mustafa khalid polash.

Location Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Date 1998
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete
Building type office

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Advantages
• East ,west more solid, but
there are two stair cases in the
both side, where architect has
used louver to create as a
shading device.
• North, and south part of the
building, are more transparent,
curtain glass is used in these
two side facades. Disadvantages
• There are some splited part • Energy consumption isn’t considered.
with green in the front side from
1st to 4th floor which can relate • Natural ventilation should be considered
the entry to human scale.
more consciously.

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Bangladesh national bank
Architect Safiul kader
Location Dhaka ,Bangladesh .
Date 1931
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete .
Building type Office

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Advantages
• Expresses true structural expression.
• By considering the climate condition of the
country, the north and south portion of the
building are open and east west portion more
solid.
•In the exterior facade, shedding facility is
considered .

facade
Disadvantages.
• At the top floor air pressure is not considered

xterior
so that at these floors, openings do not use
properly for natural ventilation.
56

E
Shena kalyan bhaban
Architect Prostaphana Sangsta.
Location Dhaka ,Bangladesh .
Date
Style modern
Construction Reinforced concrete .
Building type Office

facade
xterior
57

E
Advantages
• Expresses true structural
expression.
• By considering the climate
condition of the country, the north
and south portion of the building
are open and east west portion
more solid.

Disadvantages
• In the exterior facade, shading has not

facade
considered.
• At the top floor air pressure is not considered

xterior
so that at these floors, openings do not use
properly for natural ventilation.
58