IMPRESSION

MATERIALS AND
TECHNIQUES
 Impression material : Any substance or combination of substances used for making an
impression or negative production.
GPT 8

 Impression : An impression is an imprint or negative likeness of the teeth and/or edentulous

areas, made in plastic material which becomes hardened or set while in contact with the tissue.
GPT 8

 Impression technique: A method and manner used in making a negative likeness

GPT 8
Ideal requirements :

 Fluid enough to adapt the oral tissues

 Viscous enough to be contained in a tray
 Adequate setting time
 Tear resistance
 Dimensionally stable
 Biocompatible (hypo allergic nature )
 Cost effective
 ALGINATE
Fabricating diagnostic cast
Interim/immediate complete partial or complete denture
Hydrophilic nature
Moderate ability to reproduce details ( Pri impression material)
Poor dimensional stability (syneresis and imbibition)
Low tear strength
They are easy to use and easy to mix with sufficient setting time to be handled and
placed in the oral cavity
This material is flexible and easy to remove from the mouth compared with other
materials if they flow into undercuts
Good for only one pour per impression
Recent advances in alginate

 Dust free alginates: De dusting agent (Glycerin or glycol )

 Siliconized alginates: silicon polymers are added to strengthen the material

 Alginates containing disinfectant

 Hard and soft set alginates

 POLY ETHERS
 Hydrophilic
 Their ability to reproduce detail is excellent and they are dimensionally stable and
allow multiple pours of accurate casts for 1 to 2 weeks after impressions are
made, provided there is no tearing of the impression.
 Newer polyether impression materials are slightly more flexible than the older
products, making them easier to remove from the mouth
 These materials are available in low, medium, and high viscosities and can be
used as a single-phase material or with a syringe-and-tray technique
 They are rigid materials and may be more difficult to remove than polyvinyl
siloxanes . They do not tear easily (high tear strength), which enables the dentist
to get good subgingival detail without tearing the impression on removal.
 POLYVINYL SILOXANE
 Although there is no by-product formed, there is often a secondary reaction that can
release hydrogen in the presence of hydroxyl groups, commonly found in impurities
from the oligomerization reaction of the siloxane molecule. It is therefore
recommended to wait at least 60 minutes before pouring a PVS impression, although
some manufacturers claim that
 PVS impression material is one of the most favored impression materials in dentistry
because of excellent properties and availability in different viscosities ranging from
extra light body to putty

 Vinyl polysiloxane silicones (also called addition silicones, polyvinyls, vinyls, and
polyvinyl siloxane) are considered state-of-the-art for fixed partial denture impressions.
They constitute the most widespread use of impression materials for fixed prosthetics .
 Impressions made from this material produce great detail reproduction and can be
poured multiple times because of their high tear strength and high elastic recovery
 Caution should be taken to avoid contact of the material with latex rubber dams or
latex gloves, which may leave a sulfur or sulfur compound that inhibits
polymerization of the material.9,10 Moreover, gingival retraction soaked cords
containing sulfur may also contribute to the inhibition.
 Polyether and polysulfide impression materials also leave the mouth coated with a
chemical film that inhibits polyvinyl siloxanes. If you make an impression with
either of these two types of materials and then decide to make an impression with
polyvinyl siloxane, it inhibits the set .
 HYDROPHILIC PVS

 Traditionally, PVS is a hydrophobic material and proper moisture control is of

paramount importance in order to obtain a clinically acceptable impression
 These products contain intrinsic SURFACTANTS that improve their wettability
and facilitate the pouring process with gypsum materials
 However, so-called hydrophilic PVS seems to remain hydrophobic when it is still
in the liquid, unpolymerized state and its wetting abilities are compromised in the
presence of moisture. As a result, their surface detail reproduction is inconsistent
when moisture control is not maintained.
 FAST SET ELASTOMERIC
MATERIALS
 severe gag reflexes.
 The literature on the accuracy of these materials is limited; one study showed that
fast-set polyether was more accurate than fast-set PVS, but both materials
produced casts with negligible difference in dimensions compared with the master
cast, therefore both were regarded as being clinically acceptable.16
DISINFECTION OF CONVENTIONAL
IMPRESSION
 Dental impressions are exposed to blood, saliva, or both; therefore, dental offices
and commercial laboratories need to follow coordinated protocols to eliminate the
risks of cross-contamination.
 To maximize effectiveness, disinfection should take place immediately on
removal from the mouth.
 Over the past 25 years, numerous reports have studied the effect of disinfection
procedures on the surface properties and dimensional stability of dental
impression materials.
 These studies indicate that disinfection procedures do not have a clinically
significant effect on impression quality and/or accuracy.
 Disinfection protocols consist of 2 steps.
 The first step includes rinsing the impression with tap water immediately after
removal from the patient’s mouth. This process significantly reduces the number
of blood-borne pathogens that can be transferred to the stone casts.
 The second step includes spraying the impression with an appropriate disinfecting
agent or immersing it in a chemical solution for a specified amount of time
 Recent studies have investigated the effect of disinfecting agents on the
hydrophilicity of PVS, which is attributed to the removal of added surfactants
from the material.

 These nonionic surfactants are added to improve the quality of the impression and
stone cast; however, disinfection procedures may result in their loss and can
subsequently compromise the impression surface and cast quality.
 A recent study showed that chlorine-based disinfecting agents are less effective in
removing nonionic surfactants from PVS impression materials compared with
quaternary ammonium–based agents
 When using auto mix cartridges, it is recommended to extrude 0.25 inches of
material and discard before placing the mixing tip to remove any contaminated
material or material that has been exposed for long periods of time to the
environment. Because some polyvinyl siloxane materials exhibit a phenomenon
known as hydrogen out-gassing, if you pour casts too soon the stone captures
these bubbles and produces a cast with pitted areas [
 MARGINAL FIT
 Excellent marginal fit and proper restoration contours are both prerequisites for
optimal periodontal tissue health
 In order for both these prerequisites to be present, adequate gingival displacement
is necessary.
 The ideal amount of gingival displacement has been reported to be 0.2 mm, which
provides sufficient thickness of impression material and prevents distortion or
tearing on removal
 Mechanical methods (use of retraction cords or injectable agents, chemical
methods (use of hemostatic medicaments, surgical methods (copper band
retraction, rotary curettage, electro surgery, soft tissue laser), or combinations of
these have been extensively described.
 Conventional and cordless gingival displacement techniques have been reported
to have similar efficacy and both have minimal effect on periodontal tissue health.
 TRAY SELECTION
 Impression tray : A device that is used to carry ,confine and control impression
tray while making an impression
 Custom trays have been shown to produce impressions of higher accuracy
 Less impression material needed
 Better fit
Dual arch impression trays

 It is also called triple tray technique

 it is a closed mouth technique that allows dentists to capture the preparation,

opposing teeth, and occluding surfaces in a single-step procedure

 Dual-arch impression trays should be used for single-unit prostheses or short span
(up to 3-unit) fixed dental prostheses
 Intact , mutually protected Angle class 1 occlusion
Mucostatic impression technique

 Resting state
 Border molding is not performed
 Denture does not extend up to physiological limits
 Denture closely adapt .therefore stability is good
 Poor peripheral seal thus retention
 Recommended for tooth supported partial dentures
Mucocompressive impression technique

 Compressed state
 Pressure either manually or closed mouth
 Denture is overextended
 Vulnerable at rest for dislodgment when at rest due to rebound phenomenon
 Residual ridge resorbtion
Selective pressure technique

 Mixture of both of above mentioned techniques

 Pressure applied on stress bearing areas and reduce on relief areas

 Techniques to achieve selective impression technique

 Functional dual impression technique
 Altered cast technique or Applegate technique
Functional dual impression

 A functional impression of the edentulous ridge is made

 The 2nd impression made over functional impression and record structures in their
anatomic form
Altered cat technique

 Anatomical master impression of oral structure is made

 Construct master cast and refractory cast
 Construct metal framework with temporary self cured resin saddles