It is the speed of the data in a distribution,

that is, the extent to which the observations

are scattered.
1. Range
2. 10 – 90 percentile range
3. Semi – inter quartile range or Quartile
Deviation (QD)
4. Standard Deviation ( σ )
Characteristics: 
1. Used for setting up frequency distribution
2. Most unstable because it vary from
sample to sample
3. Can be used justifiably when we want a
hasty measure of variability.
4. Best when knowledge of extreme scores
or total spread is all that is wanted
Characteristics:
  1. Good if it is to eliminate the effect of the
extreme scores
2. Somewhat better than the range because
it is directly affected by the greater number
of scores.
  
D = P90 – P10
Where:
P90 = is a point in a distribution which has
90% of the cases below it.
P10 = is a point in a distribution which has
10% of the cases below it.
 
 
 
Characteristics:
1. good when the mean is the measure of central tendency
2. capturing the middle 50% of N
3. the rule is: median + QD

Q3 – Q1 P75 - P25
QD = ------------- = ----------------
2 2
Characteristics: 
1. good when the mean is the measure of central
tendency
2. capturing the middle 68.29% of N
3. the rule is: X + σ
_________________
σ = √ { ∑ f (X – x) 2 / N } or
_________
σ = √( ∑ f d2/ N) -- ( ∑ f d/ N)
Variance = (σ)2
 Skewness is the word used for the
degree of departure from symmetry as
shown by a frequency distribution. It also
indicates whether the curve has a longer
tail on the right (positively skewed) or a
longer tail on the left (negatively skewed).
Kurtosis is the “peakedness” or
“flatness” of a given distribution.
 The efficiency ratings of 165
employees of a AGM company were
taken and are shown below. Determine:
a. mean, median and mode.
b. range, 10 – 90 percentile range,
quartile deviation and standard deviation
c. skewness and kurtosis
d. interpret the results