Cell Structure and Function - Part I - Final PPT - Corrected 17OCT16

Chapter 3
Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD 1

Outlines
 3.1: What Is a Cell?
 3.2: Cell theory.
 3.3: The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It.
 3.4: The Nucleus and Endomembrane System.
 3.5: The Cytoskeleton, Cell Movement, and Cell Junctions.
 3.6: Metabolism and the Energy Reactions.
2
Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD
Objectives
 Upon completion of this part, students should be able to:
 State the basic principles of the cell theory.

 Differentiate between the structure of a prokaryotic cell and a
eukaryotic cell.
 Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and list the
type of molecules found in the membrane.
 Distinguish among diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport.
 Explain how tonicity relates to the direction of water movement
across a membrane.
 Compare passive-transport and active-transport mechanisms.
 Summarize how large molecules move across membranes.
3
3.1 What is a Cell?
(3-1) What is the cell?
 A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of

performing life functions. Cell represents the
fundamental unit of life.
 Therefore, the structures of the cells vary. Why?
 According to their functions.

Figure3.1 Cells vary in
structure and function.A cell’s
structure is related to its
function. Despite differences in
appearance, all cells exchange
substances with their
environment.

3.1 What is a Cell?
(3-2) The cell theory:

 What does the cell theory tell us?
1. A cell is the basic unit of life.
 The structure of a cell is directly related to its
function.
2. All living things are made up of cells.
3. New cells arise from pre-existing cells. Each cell
contains hereditary material (DNA), which they pass
to their offspring when they divide.
3.1 What is a Cell?
 Why are most cells small?

 Consider the cell surface-area-to-volume ratio.
• Small cells have a larger amount of surface area

compared to the volume.
• An increase in surface area allows for more nutrients
to pass into the cell and wastes to exit the cell more
efficiently.
• There is a limit to how large a cell can be, and be an
efficient and metabolically active cell.
 How the cells overcome their growth in size?
Cell size:
One 4-cm cube Eight 2-cm cubes Sixty-four 1-cm cubes
Total surface area (height × width × number of sides × number of cubes)

96 cm2 192 cm2 384 cm2
Total volume (height × width × length × number of cubes)
64 cm3 64 cm3 64 cm3
Surface area: Volume per cube (surface area ÷ volume)
1.5:1 3:1 6:1
Figure3.2 Surface-area-to-volume ratio limits cell size. As cell size decreases from 4

cm3 to 1 cm3, the ratio of the surface area to volume increases.
8
Types of Cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

3.2 How Cells are Organized
What are the 2 major types of cells

in all living organisms?
• Prokaryotic cells
– Lack a true nucleus
– but DNA is found in the cytoplasm in a region
called nucleoid.
– Represented by bacteria and archaea
• Eukaryotic cells
– Have a nucleus that houses DNA
– Many membrane-bound organelles
10
The Structure of Bacteria
Ribosome: Fimbriae:
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
stored nutrients for Conjugation pilus:
later use elongated, hollow
appendage used for
DNA transfer to other
Mesosome: bacterial cells
plasma membrane
that folds into the
cytoplasm and Nucleoid:
increases surface area location of the bacterial
chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present Escherichia coli
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

display.
11
The Structure of animal cell
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules
protein
phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell
Nuclear envelope: double

membrane with nuclear pores
Cytoskeleton: maintains
that encloses nucleus
cell shape and assists movement
of cell parts:
Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces

cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
protein and lipid metabolism
Intermediate filaments:
protein fibers that provide
stability of shape Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes that synthesize
proteins
Actin filaments: protein
fibers that play a role in
Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape
ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules
Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:

organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that

Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts
synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-

bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP
matrix outside nucleus molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages, 12

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health tract, UOD and secretes modified proteins
3.2 How Cells are Organized
What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells have in common?
• A plasma membrane that surrounds and delineates
the cell
• A cytoplasm: the semi-fluid substance inside the cell

that contains organelles
• DNA

(3-3) The Plasma Membrane and How
Substances Cross It
14
3.3 The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It
 What are some characteristics of the plasma

membrane?
• In all animal cells, it is the outermost membrane.
• It is a phospholipid bilayer.
 Functions of plasma membrane:
1. It isolates the interior of the cell from the external
environment.
2. It allows only certain molecules and ions to enter
and exit the cytoplasm freely (selectively
permeable). (Fig. 3.7)
3. It plays vital role in cellular communication.

16
Structure of plasma membrane:
17
Structure of plasma membrane:
 The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with

attached or embedded proteins.
 A phospholipid molecule
has a polar head and
nonpolar tails.
 When phospholipids are

placed in water, they
naturally form a
spherical bilayer.
18
 Structure of phospholipid molecule :
1. The polar heads, being charged, are hydrophilic = water lovers

(attracted to water).
 They position themselves to
face toward the watery
environment outside and
inside the cell.
2. The nonpolar tails are

hydrophobic= water fearing
(not attracted to water).
 They turn inward toward
one another, where there
is no water.
19
Fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane:
 The fluid-mosaic model is a working description of membrane
structure.
 It states that the protein molecules form a shifting pattern within
the fluid phospholipid bilayer. This shape due to:
1. At body temperature, the phospholipid bilayer is a liquid. It has
the consistency of olive oil.
2. The proteins are able to change their position by moving
laterally.
3. Cholesterol lends support to the membrane which affects on
membrane fluidity.
 Mosaic structure of many different components, e.g.: Phospholipid,
Proteins, Glycoproteins and Cholesterol.
20
Fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane:
21
 Plasma membrane proteins:
 Depending on their positions, there are two groups interspersed

in the lipid bilayer of human plasma membrane:
Integral proteins: embedded totally or

partially in the lipid bilayer.
 Peripheral proteins: attached to both

surfaces of the membrane.
22
 Depending on the function, plasma membrane proteins maybe:
1. Enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions.
2. Transport proteins: form channels through which certain
substances can enter cells across the membrane. They may
be channel (gated and nongated) and carrier which form
pores or openings.
3.Receptor proteins: bind extra-cellular substances, such as
hormones that trigger changes in cell activity. 23

4. Recognition proteins: identify the cell as being of

specific type “self or nonself”.
5. Adhesion proteins: help cell of the same type stick to

one another to form proper tissue.
24
Plasma Membrane Proteins
25
How do things move across the

plasma membrane?
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated transport
4. Active transport
5. Endocytosis and exocytosis

Transport processes across Plasma Membrane
1. Diffusion
 It is the random movement of molecules (net movement)
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration, until they are equally distributed
(equilibrium).
 Diffusion is a passive way (no energy) for molecules to
enter or exit a cell.
 At equilibrium, as many molecules of the substance will
be entering as leaving the cell.
27
1.Diffusion
28
1.Diffusion
 Certain molecules (lipid-soluble chemicals, water

and gasses as O2, CO2) can freely cross the plasma
membrane by diffusion.
 Ex.: Oxygen diffuses across the plasma membrane

toward the inside of the cell to produce ATP for
energy purposes.
29
Transport processes across Plasma Membrane
2. Osmosis and Tonicity:
 Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a

semipermeable membrane from regions of high water
concentration to regions of low water concentration.
 Osmotic pressure controls water movement in our
bodies to regulate the concentration of fluid
surrounding the cell. Ex., water absorption in the small,
large intestines and kidneys.
30
2. Osmosis and Tonicity:
 Tonicity is the relative solute concentration of two

solutions.
 The direction by which water will diffuse is determined by
the tonicity of the solutions inside and outside the cell.
 Tonicity is based on dissolved particles, called solutes,
within a solution.
 Typically, water will diffuse from the area that has less
solute (low tonicity and more water)
31
2.Osmosis and Tonicity:
 Three types of solutions according to

tonicity (solute conc.):
1. Isotonic solution: have the same

solute concentration. Therefore, cells
maintain their normal size and shape.
Ex., body fluids and intravenous
solutions are isotonic to cells.
Isotonic solution
(same solute concentration
as in cell)
32
2. Hypotonic: has a lower concentration of
solute and a higher concentration of water
than do the cells.
 If red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic
solution, water enters the cells. They swell to
burst due to an intake of water.
 Lysis is used to refer to the process of
bursting cells. Hypotonic solution
(lower solute concentration
 Hemolysis is the bursting of red blood cells. than in cell)
33
3. Hypertonic: has a higher concentration
of solute and a lower concentration of
water than do the cells.
 If red blood cells are placed in a

hypertonic solution, they shrink due to
water leaves the cells (crenation).
 These changes have occurred due to
Hypertonic solution
(higher solute concentration
osmotic pressure. than in cell)
34
3. Facilitated Transport (Facilitated Diffusion)
 A molecule is transported across the plasma membrane
from the side of higher concentration to the side of
lower concentration by means of protein carriers within
the membrane.
 It is a passive.
 Each protein carrier (transporter),
binds only to a particular
molecule, such as:
• water-soluble substances
• large molecules (glucose &
amino acids)
35
4. Active Transport
 A molecule is moving from a lower to a higher concentration.
 It requires a protein carrier (pumps) and the use of cellular
energy obtained from the breakdown of ATP.
EX:
1. I- ions in thyroid gland.
2. Sugar is completely absorbed
from the gut.
3. Transport of Na+ in kidney tubules
for water homeostasis.
4. Sodium-Potassium Pump in nerve
and muscle cells.
36
5. Endocytosis (into the cell)
 A portion of the plasma membrane invaginates, to

envelop a substance and fluid. Then the membrane
pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle inside the cell.
 It requires ATP.
37
5. Endocytosis (into the cell)
It involves two types:
1.phagocytosis (cell eating): The cells engulf large solid

particle , organisms.
 Ex.: Some white blood cells are able to take up

pathogens (disease-causing agents).
2.Pinocytosis (cell drinking): The cells engulf small

molecules and fluid as extracellular fluid and dissolved
materials.
38
5. Endocytosis
(into the cell)
Outside
the cell
Inside
the cell
Outside
the cell Inside
the cell
39
Human Biology (Biol-102), Health tract, UOD
6. Exocytosis (out of the cell)
 During exocytosis, a vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane as secretion occurs.
 It requires ATP.
 Ex.: Secretory vesicles
fuse with the plasma
membrane and their
Outside
contents are released to the cell
the outside.
 Vesicles moves
substances like proteins,
enzymes, hormones out Inside
the cell
of the cell. 40
Summary
(3.1) What Is a Cell?
 The cell theory states that cells are the basic units
of life and that all life comes from preexisting cells.
Cells must remain small to have a favorable surface-
area-to-volume ratio.
41
Summary
(3.2) How Cells Are Organized
 There are two types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells.
1) Prokaryotic cells, as bacteria

• smaller
• unicellular
• lack a nucleus
42
Summary
(3.2) How Cells Are Organized
 There are two types of cells: prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
2) Eukaryotic cell
• Has a nucleus that contains the genetic material.
• It is surrounded by a plasma membrane, a
selectively permeable barrier.
• It contains cytoplasm, which has various
organelles. Organelles in the cytoplasm have
specific functions.
43
Summary
(3.3) The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It
The fluid-mosaic model describes the structure of the

plasma membrane. It contains:
1) a phospholipid bilayer that selectively regulates the
passage of molecules and ions into and out of the
cell.
2) proteins molecules, which are the functional unit of
the plasma membrane.
44
Summary
(3.3) The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It
 There are two mechanisms that control thepassage of

molecules into or out of cells:
1) Passive mechanisms do not require energy, include
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport. Tonicity
and osmotic pressure control the process of osmosis.
2) Active mechanisms require an input of energy, include
active transport (sodium-potassium pump), endocytosis
(phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis.
45
Thank you

46

Cell Structure and Function - Part I - Final PPT - Corrected 17OCT16

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Chapter 3

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD 1

 3.1: What Is a Cell?

 3.2: Cell theory.

 3.3: The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It.

 3.4: The Nucleus and Endomembrane System.

 3.5: The Cytoskeleton, Cell Movement, and Cell Junctions.

 3.6: Metabolism and the Energy Reactions.

 State the basic principles of the cell theory.

(3-1) What is the cell?

 A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD 4

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD 5

(3-2) The cell theory:

 Why are most cells small?

• Small cells have a larger amount of surface area

One 4-cm cube Eight 2-cm cubes Sixty-four 1-cm cubes

Total surface area (height × width × number of sides × number of cubes)

Total volume (height × width × length × number of cubes)

64 cm3 64 cm3 64 cm3

Surface area: Volume per cube (surface area ÷ volume)

1.5:1 3:1 6:1

Figure3.2 Surface-area-to-volume ratio limits cell size. As cell size decreases from 4

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD 9

What are the 2 major types of cells

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:

Lysosome*: vesicle that

Vesicle: small membrane-

Golgi apparatus: processes, packages, 12

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic

• A cytoplasm: the semi-fluid substance inside the cell

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD

 What are some characteristics of the plasma

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD

 The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with

 When phospholipids are

1. The polar heads, being charged, are hydrophilic = water lovers

2. The nonpolar tails are

 Depending on their positions, there are two groups interspersed

Integral proteins: embedded totally or

 Peripheral proteins: attached to both

1. Enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions.

2. Transport proteins: form channels through which certain

substances can enter cells across the membrane. They may

be channel (gated and nongated) and carrier which form

3.Receptor proteins: bind extra-cellular substances, such as

hormones that trigger changes in cell activity. 23

4. Recognition proteins: identify the cell as being of

5. Adhesion proteins: help cell of the same type stick to

How do things move across the

Human Biology (Biol-102), Health track, UOD

 Certain molecules (lipid-soluble chemicals, water

 Ex.: Oxygen diffuses across the plasma membrane

 Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a

 Tonicity is the relative solute concentration of two

 Three types of solutions according to

1. Isotonic solution: have the same

 If red blood cells are placed in a