Introduction to

Programming
Engr. Rashid Farid Chishti
chishti@iiu.edu.pk
Chapter 07: Arrays and Strings
International Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
http://www.iiu.edu.pk
Arrays
 In everyday life we commonly group similar
objects into units. We buy eggs by the carton.
 In computer languages we also need to group
together data items of the same type. The most
basic mechanism that accomplishes this in C++
is the array.
 Arrays can hold a few data items or tens of
thousands. The data items grouped in an array
can be simple types such as int or float, or
they can be user-defined types such as
structures and objects.
 An array groups items of the same type. The
items in a in an array are accessed by an
index number. Using an index number to specify
an item allows easy access to a large number
of items.
Defining, Reading and Writing Array
// gets four ages from user, displays them
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int age[4], j; //array 'age' of 4 ints
for(j=0; j<4; j++){ //get 4 ages
cout << "Enter an age: ";
cin >> age[j]; //access array element
}
for(j=0; j<4; j++){ //display 4 ages
cout << "age[" << j << "] = " << age[j] << endl;
cout <<"Address " << &age[j] << " = " << age[j] <<
endl;
}
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Calculating Average
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
double avg, sum = 0 ;
int i ; int marks[10] ; /* array declaration */
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 9 ; i++ ){
cout << "\nEnter marks ";
cin >> marks[i]; /* store data in array */
}
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 9 ; i++ )
sum = sum + marks[i] ; /* read data from array*/
avg = sum / 10 ;
cout << "\n Average marks = " << avg <<endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Using Direct Access on an Array
// Using Direct Access on Array
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int mem[]={50,60,70} ; // Initialize the array
cout << "mem[0] = " << mem[0] << endl;
cout << "mem[1] = " << mem[1] << endl;
cout << "mem[2] = " << mem[2] << endl;
mem[0] = 80; mem[1] = 90; mem[2] = 100;
cout << endl;
cout << "mem[0] = " << mem[0] << endl;
cout << "mem[1] = " << mem[1] << endl;
cout << "mem[2] = " << mem[2] << endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Printing in Reverse Order
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;

int main(){
const int SIZE=5; // defines the size N for 5 elements
double a[SIZE]; // declares the array’s elements as
type double
cout << "Enter " << SIZE << " numbers:\t";
for (int i=0; i<SIZE; i++)
cin >> a[i];
cout << "In reverse order: ";
for (int i=SIZE-1; i>=0; i--)
cout << " " << a[i];
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Out of Bounds
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
float a[] = { 22.2,44.4, 66.6 };
float x=11.1;
cout << "I m going to Crash " << endl;
cin >> x;
a[3333] = 88.8; // ERROR: index is out of bounds!
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Passing Array to Function
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int sum(int[],int); // declaration
int main(){
int a[] = { 11,33, 55,77 };
int size = sizeof(a)/sizeof(int);
cout << "sum(a,size) = " << sum(a,size) << endl;
cout << endl << a[0] << endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
int sum(int a[],int n){
int sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
sum += a[i];
a[0] = 100; return sum;
}
n Dimensional Arrays
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){ const int row=2, col=3; int i,j;
int ary[row][col] = {
{11,12,13},
{21,22,23}
};
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){ cout << ary[i][j] << " ";}
cout << endl;
}
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){
cout << &ary[i][j] << "="<<ary[i][j]<<"\t";}
cout << endl;}
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
n Dimensional Arrays

ary[0][0]= 0x22ff40 = 11

ary[0][1]= 0x22ff44 = 12

11 12 13 
 21 22 23
ary[0][2]= 0x22ff48 = 13

  ary[1][0]= 0x22ff4C = 21

ary[1][1]= 0x22ff50 = 22

ary[1][2]= 0x22ff54 = 23
2-Dimensional Arrays
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){ const int row=3, col=3; int i,j;
int ary[row][col] = {
{11,12,13},
{21,22,23},
{31,32,33} };
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){ cout << ary[i][j] << " ";}
cout << endl;
}
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){
cout << &ary[i][j] << "="<<ary[i][j]<<"\t";}
cout << endl;}
system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
3-Dimensional Arrays ary[0][0]= 0x22ff30 = 11

ary[0][1]= 0x22ff34 = 12

ary[0][2]= 0x22ff38 = 13

ary[1][0]= 0x22ff3C = 21

11 12 13  ary[1][1]= 0x22ff40 = 22

21 22 23 ary[1][2]= 0x22ff44 = 23

  ary[2][0]= 0x22ff48 = 31

31 32 33 ary[2][1]= 0x22ff4C = 32

ary[2][2]= 0x22ff50 = 33
Calculating Square of a Matrix
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){ const int row=3, col=3; int i,j;
int A[row][col];
cout << "Square of a " <<row <<"x"<<col<<"Matrices"<<endl;
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){
cout << "A[" << i+1 << "][" << j+1 << "]= ";
cin >> A[i][j];
}
}
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++)
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++)
A[i][j] = A[i][j]*A[i][j];
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++)
cout << A[i][j] << "\t";
cout << endl;
}
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Passing 2D Array to Function
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
void get_data(float a[][3],int row, int col){
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<row; i++)
for (j=0; j<col; j++){
cout << "A["<<i+1<<"]["<<j+1<<"]:";
cin >> a[i][j];}
}
void show_data(float a[][3],int row, int col){
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<row; i++){
for (j=0; j<col; j++)
{cout << a[i][j] << "\t";}
cout << endl; }
}
int main(){
float matrix[4][3]; // 4 rows and 3 columns
get_data(matrix,4,3);
show_data(matrix,4,3);
system("PAUSE"); return 0;}
Passing 3D Array to Function (1/2)
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
void get_data(float a[][3][2],int row, int col,int page){
int i,j,k;
for (k=0; k<page; k++){
for (i=0; i<row; i++){
for (j=0; j<col; j++){
cout <<"A["<< i <<"]["<< j <<"]["<< k <<"]:";
cin >> a[i][j][k];
} // end of for (j=0
} // end of for (i=0
} // end of for (k=0
}
Passing 3D Array to Function (2/2)
void show_data(float a[][3][2],int row, int col, int page){
int i,j,k;
for (k=0; k<page; k++){
for (i=0; i<row; i++){
for (j=0; j<col; j++){
cout << a[i][j][k] << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
cout << endl;
}
}

int main(){
float matrix[4][3][2]; // 4 rows, 3 columns, 2 pages
get_data(matrix,4,3,2);
show_data(matrix,4,3,2);
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Sorting Data Using Bubble Sort Algo
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
void print( float[], int );
void sort ( float[], int );
int main(){
int i; float data[10];
cout << "Enter 10 Numbers for Sorting \n";
for( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ){
cout << "Enter No." <<i+1<< ":" ;
cin >> data[i];
}
sort(data,10);
print(data,10);
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Sorting Data Using Bubble Sort Algo
void sort( float a[], int n ){ // bubble sort:
for (int i=1; i<n; i++) // bubble up max{a[0..n-i]}:
for (int j=0; j<n-i; j++)
if (a[j] > a[j+1]){
float temp = a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
}

void print( float a[], int n ){

cout << " Sorted Data is " << endl;
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << a[i] <<" ";
}
Using Character Array
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char name[30]; // an array to store max 30 characters
cout << "What is your name? ";
gets(name); // it also copies embedded blanks
cout << "Welcome Mr. " << name << endl;
// Value of Space=32 , Enter = 0
cout << "Tell me your friend's name: " ;
cin >> name; // it copies up to first blank space
cout << "Your friend is Mr. " << name << endl;
cout << "\n [The Data in the array is] \n";
for (int i=0 ; i<30 ; i++)
cout << "Array[" << i << "]=" << name[i] << " ["
<< int(name[i]) << "]" << endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
Using C-string
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char str[] = { 'M','.',' ','A','l','i',0,' ',
'I','I','U',0}; // char ch [] = "M. Ali";
int size = sizeof(str);
cout << "\n The Character Array Size is :" <<size
<< " Bytes" << endl;
for ( int i=0 ; i<size ; i++ )
cout << "str[" << i << "]=" <<str[i] <<" =["
<< int(str[i]) << "]" << endl;
cout << endl << str << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Reading Embedded Blanks
// blanksin.cpp reads string with embedded blanks
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
const int MAX = 80; // max characters in string
char str[MAX]; // string variable str
cout << "\nEnter a string: ";
// cin.get() means a member function get() of the stream
// class of which cin is an object
cin.get(str, MAX); // put string in str
// first argument to get() is the array address where the
// string being input will be placed.
// The second argument specifies the maximum size of the
// array
cout << "You entered: " << str << endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
Reading Multiple Lines
// linesin.cpp
// reads multiple lines, terminates on '$' character
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 2000; // max characters in string
char str[MAX]; //string variable str
int main(){
cout << "\nEnter a multiline string:\n";
cin.get(str, MAX, '$'); //terminate with $
cout << "You entered:\n" << str << endl;
for(int i=0 ; i<10 ; i++)
cout << str[i] << "=" << int(str[i]) << endl;
// Enter = 10, Space = 32;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Copying a String the Hard Way
// strcopy1.cpp
// copies a string using a for loop
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> //for strlen()
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){ //initialized string
char str1[] = "Oh, Captain, my Captain! "
"our fearful trip is done";
const int MAX = 80; int j; // MAX is size of str2 buffer
char str2[MAX]; //empty string
for( j=0; j<strlen(str1); j++) //copy strlen characters
str2[j] = str1[j]; // from str1 to str2
str2[j] = '\0'; //insert NULL at end
cout << str2 << endl; //display str2
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Copying a String the Easy Way
// strcopy2.cpp
// copies a string using strcpy() function
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> //for strcpy()
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char str1[] = "Tiger, tiger, burning bright\n"
"In the forests of the night";
const int MAX = 80; //size of str2 buffer
char str2[MAX]; //empty string
strcpy(str2, str1); //copy str1 to str2
cout << str2 << endl; //display str2
system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
Array of Strings
// straray.cpp
// array of strings
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
const int DAYS = 7; //number of strings in array
const int MAX = 10; //maximum size of each string
//An array of strings
char star[DAYS][MAX] = { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday",
"Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday" , "Saturday" };
for( int j=0 ; j<DAYS ; j++) //display every string
cout << star[j] << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Array of Strings
Assignment #6
1. Write and test the following function that returns through its reference
parameters both the maximum and the minimum values stored in an
array: void getExtremes(float& min, float& max, float a[], int n);

2. Write and test the following function:

double stdev(double x[], int n);

The function returns the standard deviation

of a data set of n numbers x0, …, xn–1

4. Write a and test a program to calculate

Determinant and Multiplicative Inverse of a 3x3 matrix, also write a
program to multiply two 3x3 matrices.
Assignment #6
4. Write a program that takes a string from the user. The program then
calculates the
 Total number of Characters
 Total number of words
 Total number of lines
5. Write a program to calculate mean, median and mode of an
array
6. Write a program to convert a given year to its Roman
equivalent i.e.,
Decimal Roman Decimal Roman
1 i 100 c
5 v 500 d
10 x 1000 m
50 l
e.g. 1988 = mdcccclxxxviii
1525 = mdxxv