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Proses adalah transformasi dari suatu keadaan ke keadaan lainnya yang berbeda pada dua saat yang
berbeda pula. Hal ini ditandai oleh terjadinya perubahan satu atau lebih sifat-sifat sistem.
Jika sistem/zat mengalami serangakaian proses yang berawal dan berakhir pada keadaan yang
sama, maka sistem tersebut dikatakan mengalami siklus termodinamika.
Kesetimbangan
Keadaan kesetimbangan (equilibrium state) adalah keadaan yang ditunjukkan oleh sifat-sifat sistem pada
waktu dan tempat tertentu tanpa dipengaruhi oleh keadaan disekitarnya.
Prefix iso‐ is used to designate a process for which a particular property is constant.
Isothermal: is a process during which the temperature remains constant
Isobaric: is a process during which the pressure remains constant
Isometric: is process during which the specific volume remains constant.
A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of the
process.
Thermodynamic Systems
e.g., density, T, P, etc.
State of a system
Determined by the state of matters constituting the system.
Gas / liquid / solid state or the coexistence of more than one phases.
Single component / multi-components.
Equilibrium / nonequilibrium.
Process
A system changes its state from one to another state.
Initial state / path / final state.
Reversible / irreversible processes.
Thermodynamic Systems
The state of a system:
Determined by properties of matters within a system, e.g., T, P,
composition, density, etc.
Some properties are interrelated, e.g., T, P, mass, and V.
The equation that correlates T, P, M, V is called the equation of state
(EOS).
The ideal gas law (an EOS) was identified while studying low-density
gases.
An universal temperature scale, the absolute temperature scale, was
defined.
Can be specified by specifying two independent properties and
masses of matters of the system – related to degree of freedom
State and Equilibrium
At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. Thus, if the value of even
one property changes, the state will change to different one. In an equilibrium state, there are no unbalanced potentials
(or driving forces) within the system. A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its
surroundings.
• Thermal equilibrium: when the temperature is the same throughout the entire
system.
• Phase equilibrium: in a two phase system, when the mass of each phase reaches
an equilibrium level.
Tiga sifat intensif yang penting dan mampu ukur dalam termodinamika teknik ialah volume spesifik (v), tekanan (p), dan
temperatur (T).
Tekanan (p) adalah gaya normal (tegak lurus) dalam satuan Newton (N) yang terjadi pada suatu permukaan bidang dalam
satuan luas (m2),
Dalam penerapannya, skala temperatur terdiri atas empat jenis, yang semuanya mengacu pada titik standar (triple
point) air, yakni: skala Kelvin (K), skala Celcius (oC), skala Rankine (oR), dan skala Fahrenheit (oF).
Termometer yaitu pemanfaatan sifat termometrik atau skala pemuaian zat; Termokopel yaitu pemanfaatan efek
termoelektrik (tegangan) yang dapat dibangkitkan oleh ujung dari dua jenis logam yang ujung lainnya dikopel;
Termistor yaitu pemanfaatan perubahan nilai tahanan material sebagai akibat dari perubahan temperatur
Thermodynamics: Is it important??
Published Measurements
data
Thermodynamic
Property
• Activity coefficient Process
(Wilson, NRTL, simulation
UNIQUAC, UNIFAC)
• EoS: virial, vdW,
RK, SRK, PR, Gen.
Corrr.)
Tugas
1. An astronaut weighs 750 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.792 m·s−2. What are the astronaut’s mass and weight on the moon,
where g = 1.67 m·s−2?
2. A dead-weight gauge with a piston diameter of 1.5 cm is used for the accurate
measurement of pressure. If a mass of 5.25 kg (including piston and pan) brings it into
balance, and if g = 9.82 m·s−2, what is the gauge pressure being measured? For a
barometric
pressure of 0.997 bar, what is the absolute pressure?