Solid and

Hazardous Waste
 GROUP 6

Felix Nathanael Paskah Kesya Amalia P.F Maulana Arif Rahman

Collection Of Refuse • Packer Trucks are by far the most
prevalent refuse collection vehicles in use
• Used for residental collection service
• There are two workers in a packer truck
(driver and loader). The entire operation is
a study in inefficiency and hazardous work
conditions.

• Solution
Collection stations scattered throughout an area
that receive the refuse, and the pneumatic pipes
deliver the waste to a central processing
Generation of Refuse
• The flow of materials through
the human ecosystem is not
unlike the flow of nutrients or
energy through natural
ecosystems and can be similarly
analyzed.
• Nutrients are extracted from
earth, used by the living
organisms, and then redeposited
on earth.
 Flow of Materials Through Human Society
• In daily use, not all the extracted materials can be used.
• The wasted material will be an industrial waste
• After the usefulness of a material is finished. People will discard
some of their parts or some people are tend to throw the materials
away
 Reuse of Materials from
Refuse
• Reuse is the action or practice of using an item,
whether for its original purpose or to fulfil a
different function.
• Why reusing is important?
• Example of Primary Use
Returning the containers to the store for the mineral
water distributor to clean them and put fresh product
into them.
• Example of Secondary Use
Storing car cleaning supplies in a laundry detergent
bucket.
Recycle of Materials from
Refuse
Involves the collection of
waste and subsequent
processing of that waste into
new products

Manufacturers can enhance the

feasibility of recycling and
recovery of material by
consciously producing products
that are simple and inexpensive
to recover or recycle or that can
be reused.
Processing Refuse
• Why used items aren’t all being
reused or recycled?
• Reuse and Recycling = Purity
• Source Separation is done by
individual citizens who collect
newspapers, bottles, cans, and
garbage separately and place
them at the curb for collection.
Combustion of Refuse
• Refuse material is about 80%
combustible material
• Refuse combustion involves
the burning of garbage and
other nonhazardous solids,
commonly called municipal
solid waste
• Types of combustion devices
used to burn refuse include
single chamber units, multiple
chamber units, and trench
incinerators.
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF REFUSE: SANITARY
LANDFILLS
The disposal of solid wastes is a
misnomer. Our present practices amount
to nothing more than hiding the waste
well enough so it cannot be readily
found. The only two realistic options for
disposal are in the oceans (or other large
bodies of water) and on land. The
former is presently forbidden by federal
law in the United States and is similarly
illegal in most other developed nations.
The volume of the refuse has to be
disposed of somehow, along with the
materials that cannot be incinerated,
such as old refrigerators. A landfill is,
therefore, necessary even if the refuse is
combusted, and a WTE plant is,
therefore, not an ultimate disposal
facility. The dump is by far the least
expensive means of solid waste disposal
and thus was the original method of
choice for almost all inland
communities.
Rodents, odor, air pollution, and insects at
the dump, however, can result in serious
public health and aesthetic problems, and
alternate methods for disposal are necessary.
The sanitary landfill differs markedly from
open dumps in that the latter are simply
places to dump wastes while sanitary
landfills are engineered operations, designed
and operated according to accepted
standards.
 The buried organic material decomposes, first aerobically and then
anaerobically. The anaerobic degradation produces various gases, such as
methane and carbon dioxide, and liquids (known as leachate) that have
extremely high pollutional capacity when they enter the groundwater. Liners
made of either impervious clay or synthetic materials, such as plastic, are used
to try to prevent the movement of leachate into the groundwater. The seams
have to be carefully sealed and a layer of soil placed on the liner to prevent
landfill vehicles and waste from puncturing it.
REDUCING THE GENERATION
OF REFUSE: SOURCE
REDUCTION
There are many ways we can affect the quantity and content
of the solid waste stream: carefully select the materials and
products we use and, hence, have to throw away. There is a lot
to be said for being selective in the type of packaging
accepted for various products.

For example, foam plastic wrappers for fast foods have little
utility, a piece of paper works just as well. Rejecting useless
bags at stores when a bag is not needed is not bad manners.
We can all do a lot of little things to make a big impact on the
quantity and composition of the solid waste stream.
Why? The answer might be that “it
is the right thing to do,” and this
may be perfectly satisfying to you.
It makes you feel a part of the
community, all pulling together to
achieve some good end, with
everyone’s individual actions
totaling to a significant effect.
You could argue that, if you did
not do this, you would have no
basis for expecting others to do the
same, and then there would be no
way to achieve anything by
community action.
 Life Cycle Analysis
One means of getting a handle on questions of
material and product use is to conduct what is
known as a life cycle analysis (LCA). Such an
analysis is a holistic approach to pollution
prevention by analyzing the entire life cycle of a
product, process, or activity, encompassing raw
materials, manufacturing, transportation,
distribution, use, maintenance, recycling, and
final disposal. In other words, LCA should yield
a complete picture of the environmental impact
of a product.
 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
The EPA developed a national strategy for the management
of solid waste called “integrated solid waste management”
(ISWM). The intent of this plan is to assist local
communities in their decision making by encouraging
strategies that are the most environmentally acceptable but
providing flexibility to manage wastes efficiently.
It is based on the solid waste management hierarchy, with
the most-to-least desirable solid waste management
strategies being.
• source reduction
• recycling
• combustion
• landfilling
Hazardous Waste
 DEFINING HAZARDOUS WASTE
A hazardous substance is defined in the
United States by the USEPA as any substance
that because of its quantity, concentration, or
physical, chemical, or infectious
characteristics may cause, or significantly
contribute to, an increase in mortality; or
cause an increase in serious irreversible or
incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a
substantial present or potential hazard to
human health and the environment when
improperly treated, stored, transported, or
disposed of, or otherwise managed.
If a waste is listed, its
disposal becomes a true
headache because only a few
hazardous waste disposal
facilities are available.
Usually, long and costly
transportation is necessary.
Hazardous Waste Management
Hazardous wastes are controlled in the
United States by the USEPA.
Love Canal
 Natural Attenuation
Extraction and
Containment
treatment

In-situ treatment
Treatment of Hazardous Waste
 Chemical Treatment
Neutralization

Reverse Osmosis Oxidation

Chem Waste

Electrodialysis Solvent extraction

Ion exchange
Incineration
The method of Disposal of
Hazardous Waste
Secure landfill
Radioactive Waste
Management
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
Risk Associated with
Ionizing Radiation
Radiation Hormesis
The Risk from the Tools

X-Ray by Wilhelm Röntgen

Incidental Radiation
 The Damage of Radiation

The cause in the DNA Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan

 The Damage of Radiation

Three Mile Island, Harrisburg Pennsylvania

Radiation Poisoning in Goiânia, Brazil
Treatment and Disposal of Radioactive
Waste
• The most important distinction to be made in
radioactive waste disposal is the level of
radioactivity emitted.
• In nuclear power plants, nuclear fission occurs
when fissionable material, such as uranium 237, is
bombarded with neutrons and a chain reaction is
set up.
• Low-level radioactive waste should not represent a
disposal problem.
Sustainable Materials
Management
Dematerialization
Green Chemistry
Example of Green
Chemistry

Bhopal, India
December, 3rd 1984
Pollution Prevention
Hazardous Waste Management
and Future Generations
Perpetual Care
“If it’s not in your product, you
don’t have to worry about it”
Thanks for your attention