Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DecisionMaking Final
DecisionMaking Final
MAKING
Decision
Administrative
process
Decision Making
Choice
Best Alternatives
DECISION MAKING
A. Certainty
B. Risk
C. Uncertainty
(A) CERTAINTY
A condition in which the decision maker knows the
outcome of every possible alternative
(B) RISK
The probability that a particular outcome will result
from a given decision.
(C) UNCERTAINTY
A condition in which manager do not have full
knowledge of the problem they face and cannot
determine even a reasonable probability of
alternative outcomes.
Approaches/Models of
Decision Making
•Development of Alternatives
•Analysis of Alternatives
•Selection of an Alternative
b) Growth 4
c) Security 3
e) Geographical Location 1
4-Develop Alternatives
Now, we proceed to develop a list of the
alternatives that may be viable in dealing with
the stated problem.
Goodwill 4 2 3 1
4 Plant Descon Karachi Rs. Look
Manager after plant Geograph 1 3 4 2
Contract 2 6000 ical
years location
Selection of best Alternative
Security 3 x 4 = 12 3 x 4 = 12 3 x 4 = 12 3 x 1 =3
49 40 53 21
Implementation of Alternatives
Incomplete
information
Time constraint
and
Information costs
INTUITIONAL DECISION MAKING
Programmed decisions
Non programmed decisions
PROGRAMMED
DECISIONS
Admission procedures
METHODS
vouchers.
RULES
Strategies
Budgets
STRATEGIES
Strategies are plans in reaction to, or taking into
consideration, the actions of others. Strategies are
usually made for marketing, finance, research and
development, personnel and personnel areas.
e.g Strategy of a purchase officer in case of
shortage of papers of college i.e. order to different
supplier, increase capacity, encourage lower usage
of papers.
BUDGETS
Levels in
Organization, Types of
Problem
and
Types of Decision
Types of Problems, Types of Decisions and
Level in the Organization
Nonprogrammed
Types of Decision Level in
Problem Organization
Programmed
Decision
• Planning
• Organizing
• Leading
• Controlling
Planning
Experience
Judgment
Creativity
Experience
"Experience leads to specific responses which are
demonstrated by habit without hesitation in particular
situation.”
Past success and failures form a basis for future
action.
Experience plays a very important role in
programmed decision making.
e.g
“Students who work hard will pass”
Judgment
“By judgment we means ability to evaluate
information wisely.it is made up of one’s common
sense, maturity, ability to reason and experience”
Judgment improves with age and experience, but one
can gain experience with out improving his judgment.
e.g.
BBIT students are more sharp then B.Com
Creativity
“Creativity is the conceiving of original and
unique ideas and these ideas must not only be
novel but useful too.”
Creativity plays very important in
development of alternatives.”
Creativity is key factor in solving a non
routine or unique problems.