Discrete Mathematics Lecture 1A

Introducing Logic
Logic
Study of reasoning.
Focuses on relationship between the
statements rather than the content.
2
A Simple Example
All mathematicians wear sandals.

Anyone who wears sandals is an algebraist.
Therefore…..
All mathematicians are algebraists.
3
Proposition
A declarative sentence that is either true or false
J= “Ibrahim is wearing a red coat”
Q = “Quaid e Azam wrote Baang e Dra”
T = “Buy two tickets for watching movie in cinema”
D = “Today is Tuesday”
4
Propositional Logic
Area of logic that deals with propositions is

called propositional calculus or
propositional logic.
5
Propositional Variables and
Connectives
We will use variables, such as p, q, and r, to

represent propositions.
Notation
 p: 1+1=3
6
Connectives
We combine propositions using connectives.

 and
 Or
“It is raining” and “It is cold”

 “It is raining and it is cold.”
 It is raining or it is cold.”
7
Connectives
Let p and q be propositions.

The conjunction of p and q
 denoted p ∧ q,
 is the proposition p and q.
The disjunction of p and q,

 p ∨ q,
 is the proposition p or q.
8
Connectives
If p: It is raining, and q: It is cold

Then the conjunction of p and q is
p ∧ q: It is raining and it is cold.
The disjunction of p and q is
p ∨ q: It is raining or it is cold.
9
Truth values of Propositions
The truth value of the conjunction p ∧ q is

determined by the truth values of p and q
10
p: A decade is 10 years,
q: A millenniumis 100 years,
 thenp is true, q is false(a millennium is 1000
years),
conjunction,
p∧ q: A decade is 10 years and a millenniumis
100 years,
is false.
11
The truth value of the disjunction proposition

p∨q defined by the truth table:
12
p: A decade is 10 years,
q: A millenniumis 100 years,
 thenp is true, q is false(a millennium is 1000
years),
disjunction,
p ∨ q: A decade is 10 years or a millenniumis 100
years,
is true.
13
Conjunctions
A and B
14
Conjunctions A and B
A=“I love Chicken” B= “I hate Meat”
A and B= “I love Chicken and I hate Meat”
“A”=True
“A and B”= True and
“B”=True
15
Ibrahim is a father and Ibrahim is a teacher
Ibrahim is a father and a teacher
Ibrahim is a teacher but he doesn’t like chock

Although
However
yet
16
One last Point:
“A and B and C and D and E”
Is also conjunction, and follows the same logical

rules as “A and B”
17
Disjunctions
A or B
18
Disjunctions A or B
A=“Ibrahim is at the B= “Ibrahim is at the

movies” library”
A or B= “Ibrahim is at the movies or Ibrahim is at the library”
19
Disjunctions A or B
One last Point:
“A or B or C or D or E”
Is also disjunction, and follows the same logical

rules as “A or B”
20
Contradictories:
not-A
21
Contradictories: not-A
A= “Ibrahim is at the home”
The CONTRADICTORY of A:
A claim that always has the OPPOSITE truth value
of A
Not-A
~A
¬A
Not-A=“Ibrahim is not at the home”
22
Contradictories: not-A
TRUTH TABLE for the CONTRADICTORY “not-A”
A Not-A
T F
F T
23
Practice Exercise for Today
p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Truth value of p and q
 Truth value of p or q
 Symbolic representations of both.
 Descriptive representation of both.
 Negation of p and its truth value.
24
Practice Exercise (Solution)

(T)
Find out:
 Truth value of p and q
 T
 Truth value of p or q
 T
25

(T)
Find out:
 Symbolic representations of both.
 p^q
 pvq
26

(T)
Find out:
 Descriptive representation of both.
 p ^ q : Benny Goodman recorded music and the
Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
 p v q: Benny Goodman recorded music or the Baltimore
used to be St.Lewis Browns.
27

(T)
Find out:
 Negation of p and its truth value.
 Benny Goodman did not record music.
 It is not the case that Benny Goodman record music.
 Truth value is F.
 Symbolic representation is ~p.
28
Thank You!
29

Discrete Mathematics Lecture 1A

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Discrete Mathematics Lecture 1A

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Introducing Logic

All mathematicians wear sandals.

Q = “Quaid e Azam wrote Baang e Dra”

T = “Buy two tickets for watching movie in cinema”

Area of logic that deals with propositions is

We will use variables, such as p, q, and r, to

We combine propositions using connectives.

“It is raining” and “It is cold”

Let p and q be propositions.

The disjunction of p and q,

If p: It is raining, and q: It is cold

The truth value of the conjunction p ∧ q is

The truth value of the disjunction proposition

A=“I love Chicken” B= “I hate Meat”

A and B= “I love Chicken and I hate Meat”

Ibrahim is a father and Ibrahim is a teacher

Ibrahim is a father and a teacher

Ibrahim is a teacher but he doesn’t like chock

One last Point:

“A and B and C and D and E”

Is also conjunction, and follows the same logical

A=“Ibrahim is at the B= “Ibrahim is at the

A or B= “Ibrahim is at the movies or Ibrahim is at the library”

One last Point:

Is also disjunction, and follows the same logical

TRUTH TABLE for the CONTRADICTORY “not-A”

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

used to be St.Lewis Browns.

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

 Symbolic representation is ~p.

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