Single Photon
Emission Computed
Tomography
Presented By:-
MANJU KIRAN.S
Dept. Of ECE,SIR M.V.I.T
Email: kiran5509@gmail.com
Contents
Introduction
Basic Principle
System of component
Advantages
Disadvantages
Artifact
Typical scan doses
Conclusion
Introduction
Tomography is the Greek word consists of two words :
Tomos + graphic
Computed tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method employing tomography.
Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the
inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a
single axis of rotation.
CT was invented by G.N. Hounsfield at central research laboratories of EMI Ltd ,UK in
1972.
G.N. Hounsfield
Basic Principle
In CT , X-rays from a finely collimated source are made to
pass through a slice of the object or patient from variety of
directions.
The x-ray tube & photographic film are moved in
synchronization so that one plane of the patient under
examination remains in focus while all other planes are
blurred.
Then the picture is made by viewing the patient via x-ray
imaging numerous angle by mathematically reconstructing
the detailed structures & displaying the reconstructed image
on a video monitor.
In the above process ,the x-ray beams are attenuated which
is described by the given equation:
(Technique of producing CT images)
CT scanner
SYSTEM COMPONETS:-
CT systems consists of the following four major subsystems:
Scanning system:-This takes suitable readings for a picture to be
reconstructed and including X-ray source & detectors.
Processing unit:- This converts these reading into intelligible picture
information .
Viewing part:- It presents this information in visual form & includes
other manipulative aids to assist diagnosis.
Storage unit :- This enables the information to be stored for
subsequent analysis.
scanning system:-
1st generation:- Parallel beam generation
2nd generation:- Fan beam, multiple detectors
3rd generation:- Fan beam, rotating detectors
4th generation:- Fan beam ,fixed detectors
5th generation:- Scanning electron beam
Spiral / Helical scanning:-It is used for 3D visualization / image of a
slice
X-ray source:-Two main types of X-ray tubes have been utilized for
CT.
Oil-cooled fixed anode line focus continuous tube
Rotating anode air- cooled pulsed X-ray source.
Detectors:-For a good image quality a, detectors play a significant
role.
Scanning arrangements
Fig (e)
Fig(f)
Processing system:-
Data Acquisition System:-A typical DAS shown in figure
It consist of precision pre-amplifiers, current to voltage converter,
analog integrators, multiplexers & analog to digital converters.
(Fig for DAS)
Processing unit:-
The information received by computer from the scanning gantry
needs to be processed for the reconstructing the pictures.
The reconstruction methods can be classified into the following
three major techniques
Back projection:- Analogous to graphic reconstruction
Iterative method:-
The iterative or successive approximation method may be used to
obtain an image of attenuation co-efficient the measured intensity
data.
More & more iterations ,the image matrix matches more &more
closely with the object matrix.
Analytical method / Convolution method / Filters:-
Reconstruction using variations of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT).
The use of this method enables pictures to be reconstructed within
a few seconds.
(Principle of iterative reconstruction method)
(Block diagram of the image computer)
Computer system:-It plays a central role in CT scan.
Viewing system:-
The final picture is available on a television type
picture tube.It have window level & window width
control.These controls determine where & over what
range of CT numbers will the video gray scale possible lie.
Storing and Documentation:-
This is required for subsequent processing or
evaluation of CT Scan.
Advantages:-
CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate.
A major advantage of CT is that it is able to image bone,
soft tissue and blood vessels all at the same time.
CT scanning provides very detailed images of many
types of tissue.
CT examinations are fast and simple.
CT is less sensitive to patient movement than MRI.
CT can be performed if you have an implanted medical
device of any kind, unlike MRI.
No radiation remains in a patient's body after a CT
examination.
Disadvantages:-
There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive
exposure to radiation.
The effective radiation dose is not very high.
CT scanning is, in general, not recommended for
pregnant women unless medically necessary.
Children should have a CT study only if it is essential for
making a diagnosis.
A person who is very large may not fit into the opening
of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight
limit for the moving table.
Soft-tissue details in areas such as the brain, internal
pelvic organs, knee or shoulder can be more readily and
clearly seen with MRI.
Typical scan doses:-
Examination Typical effective dose (mSv) (milli rem)
Chest X-ray 0.1 10
Head CT 1.5 150
Screening
3 300
mammography
Abdomen CT 5.3 530
Chest CT 5.8 580
Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT 9.9 990
CT colonography (virtual
3.6 - 8.8 360 - 880
colonoscopy)
670 -
Cardiac CT angiogram 6.7-13
1300
Barium enema 15 1500
Neonatal abdominal CT 20 2000
CT Scan image of Brain
Conclusion
Despite the rapid growth of magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) in the past decade, MRI has not
superseded CT.
CT is still used routinely in radiological examinations
and is, itself, undergoing rapid growth development
in the form of multi-slice helical x-ray computed
tomography.
References
Biomedical Instrumentation: Technology and Applications by Raghbir Sing Khandpur
Published by McGraw-Hill, 2004 ,924 pages.
A. C. Kak and Malcolm Slaney, Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging,
Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2001
Medical Devices and Systems Third edition edited by Joseph D. Bronzino
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES, DESIGN, ARTIFACTS AND RECENT
ADVANCES.
Jiang Hsieh (Editor), SPIE PRESS Monograph Vol. PM114.
ISBN: 0819444251
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY:
Kalendar, Willi A, Publicis MCD Varlag, 2000. Comment: Excellent technical
guide to CT scanning, including multislice CT.
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