Single Photon

Emission Computed
Tomography

Presented By:-
MANJU KIRAN.S
Dept. Of ECE,SIR M.V.I.T
Email: kiran5509@gmail.com
 Contents
 Introduction
 Basic Principle
 System of component
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Artifact
 Typical scan doses
 Conclusion
 Introduction
 Tomography is the Greek word consists of two words :
Tomos + graphic

 Computed tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method employing tomography.

Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the
inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a
single axis of rotation.
 CT was invented by G.N. Hounsfield at central research laboratories of EMI Ltd ,UK in
1972.

G.N. Hounsfield
 Basic Principle

 In CT , X-rays from a finely collimated source are made to

pass through a slice of the object or patient from variety of
directions.

 The x-ray tube & photographic film are moved in

synchronization so that one plane of the patient under
examination remains in focus while all other planes are
blurred.

 Then the picture is made by viewing the patient via x-ray

imaging numerous angle by mathematically reconstructing
the detailed structures & displaying the reconstructed image
on a video monitor.

In the above process ,the x-ray beams are attenuated which
is described by the given equation:
(Technique of producing CT images)
CT scanner
 SYSTEM COMPONETS:-

CT systems consists of the following four major subsystems:

 Scanning system:-This takes suitable readings for a picture to be

reconstructed and including X-ray source & detectors.

 Processing unit:- This converts these reading into intelligible picture

information .

 Viewing part:- It presents this information in visual form & includes

other manipulative aids to assist diagnosis.

 Storage unit :- This enables the information to be stored for

subsequent analysis.
 scanning system:-
 1st generation:- Parallel beam generation
 2nd generation:- Fan beam, multiple detectors
 3rd generation:- Fan beam, rotating detectors
 4th generation:- Fan beam ,fixed detectors
 5th generation:- Scanning electron beam
 Spiral / Helical scanning:-It is used for 3D visualization / image of a
slice
 X-ray source:-Two main types of X-ray tubes have been utilized for
CT.
 Oil-cooled fixed anode line focus continuous tube
 Rotating anode air- cooled pulsed X-ray source.
 Detectors:-For a good image quality a, detectors play a significant
role.
Scanning arrangements
Fig (e)

Fig(f)
 Processing system:-

 Data Acquisition System:-A typical DAS shown in figure

 It consist of precision pre-amplifiers, current to voltage converter,
analog integrators, multiplexers & analog to digital converters.

(Fig for DAS)

 Processing unit:-
 The information received by computer from the scanning gantry
needs to be processed for the reconstructing the pictures.
 The reconstruction methods can be classified into the following
three major techniques

 Back projection:- Analogous to graphic reconstruction

 Iterative method:-
 The iterative or successive approximation method may be used to
obtain an image of attenuation co-efficient the measured intensity
data.
 More & more iterations ,the image matrix matches more &more
closely with the object matrix.

 Analytical method / Convolution method / Filters:-

 Reconstruction using variations of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT).
 The use of this method enables pictures to be reconstructed within
a few seconds.
(Principle of iterative reconstruction method)
(Block diagram of the image computer)
 Computer system:-It plays a central role in CT scan.

 Viewing system:-
 The final picture is available on a television type
picture tube.It have window level & window width
control.These controls determine where & over what
range of CT numbers will the video gray scale possible lie.

 Storing and Documentation:-

 This is required for subsequent processing or
evaluation of CT Scan.
 Advantages:-
 CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate.
 A major advantage of CT is that it is able to image bone,
soft tissue and blood vessels all at the same time.
 CT scanning provides very detailed images of many
types of tissue.
 CT examinations are fast and simple.
 CT is less sensitive to patient movement than MRI.
 CT can be performed if you have an implanted medical
device of any kind, unlike MRI.
 No radiation remains in a patient's body after a CT
examination.
 Disadvantages:-

 There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive

exposure to radiation.
 The effective radiation dose is not very high.
 CT scanning is, in general, not recommended for
pregnant women unless medically necessary.
 Children should have a CT study only if it is essential for
making a diagnosis.
 A person who is very large may not fit into the opening
of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight
limit for the moving table.
 Soft-tissue details in areas such as the brain, internal
pelvic organs, knee or shoulder can be more readily and
clearly seen with MRI.
 Typical scan doses:-
Examination Typical effective dose (mSv) (milli rem)

Chest X-ray 0.1 10

Head CT 1.5 150
Screening
3 300
mammography
Abdomen CT 5.3 530
Chest CT 5.8 580
Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT 9.9 990
CT colonography (virtual
3.6 - 8.8 360 - 880
colonoscopy)
670 -
Cardiac CT angiogram 6.7-13
1300
Barium enema 15 1500
Neonatal abdominal CT 20 2000
CT Scan image of Brain
 Conclusion

 Despite the rapid growth of magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI) in the past decade, MRI has not
superseded CT.

 CT is still used routinely in radiological examinations

and is, itself, undergoing rapid growth development
in the form of multi-slice helical x-ray computed
tomography.
 References
 Biomedical Instrumentation: Technology and Applications by Raghbir Sing Khandpur
Published by McGraw-Hill, 2004 ,924 pages.

 A. C. Kak and Malcolm Slaney, Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging,

Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2001


Medical Devices and Systems Third edition edited by Joseph D. Bronzino

 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES, DESIGN, ARTIFACTS AND RECENT

ADVANCES.
Jiang Hsieh (Editor), SPIE PRESS Monograph Vol. PM114.
ISBN: 0819444251

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY:
Kalendar, Willi A, Publicis MCD Varlag, 2000. Comment: Excellent technical
guide to CT scanning, including multislice CT.
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