China.

Juan josé palomino

grade;: 9.
• HISTORY.

On 1 January 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (the
KMT or Nationalist Party) was proclaimed provisional president.[93] However, the presidency was later
given to Yuan Shikai, a former Qing general who in 1915 proclaimed himself Emperor of China. In the
face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Beiyang Army, he was forced to abdicate and
re-establish the republic.[94]

After Yuan Shikai's death in 1916, China was politically fragmented. Its Beijing-based government was
internationally recognized but virtually powerless; regional warlords controlled most of its territory.[95]
[96] In the late 1920s, the Kuomintang, under Chiang Kai-shek, the then Principal of the Republic of
China Military Academy, was able to reunify the country under its own control with a series of deft
military and political manoeuvrings, known collectively as the Northern Expedition.[97][98] The
Kuomintang moved the nation's capital to Nanjing and implemented "political tutelage", an intermediate
stage of political development outlined in Sun Yat-sen's San-min program for transforming China into a
modern democratic state.[99][100] The political division in China made it difficult for Chiang to battle
the Communist, People's Liberation Army (PLA) against whom the Kuomintang had been warring since
1927 in the Chinese Civil War. This war continued successfully for the Kuomintang, especially after the
PLA retreated in the Long March, until Japanese aggression and the 1936 Xi'an Incident forced Chiang to
confront Imperial Japan.[101]
 MOST IMPORTANT CREATIONS:
Art:
Traditional Chinese painting involves essentially the same techniques as Chinese calligraphy and is
done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most
popular materials on which paintings are made of paper and silk. The finished work can be mounted
on scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls. Traditional painting can also be done on album
sheets, walls, lacquerware, folding screens, and other media.

The two main techniques in Chinese painting are:

Gong-bi ( 工筆 ), meaning "meticulous", uses highly detailed brushstrokes that delimits details very
precisely. It is often highly coloured and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects. It is often
practised by artists working for the royal court or in independent workshops. Bird-and-flower
paintings were often in this style.
Ink and wash painting, in Chinese Shui-mo or ( 水墨 [2]) also loosely termed watercolour or brush
painting, and also known as "literati painting", as it was one of the "Four Arts" of the Chinese Scholar-
official class.[3] In theory this was an art practised by gentlemen, a distinction that begins to be made
in writings on art from the Song dynasty, though in fact the careers of leading exponents could benefit
considerably.[4] This style is also referred to as "xie yi" ( 寫意 ) or freehand style.
MOST IMPORTANT CREATIONS:

Building:
Chinese architecture is a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries.
The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes
being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major
influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
MOST IMPORTANT CREATIONS:
Music:
Archaeological evidence indicates that music culture developed in China from a very early period.
Excavations in Jiahu Village in Wuyang County, Henan found bone flutes dated to 8,000 years ago,
and clay music instruments called Xun thought to be 6,000 years old have been found in the Hemudu
sites in Zhejiang and Banpo in Xi'an.[3]

During the Zhou Dynasty, a formal system of court and ceremonial music later termed yayue
(meaning "elegant music") was established. Note that the word music ( 樂 , yue) in ancient China can
also refer to dance as music and dance were considered integral part of the whole, and its meaning
can also be further extended to poetry as well as other art forms and rituals.[4] The word "dance"
( 舞 ) similarly also refers to music, and every dance would have had a piece of music associated with
it. The most important set of music of the period was the Six-dynasty Music Dance ( 六代樂舞 )
performed in rituals in the royal court.[5] Music in the Zhou Dynasty was conceived as a
cosmological manifestation of the sound of nature integrated into the binary universal order of yin
and yang, and this concept has enduring influence later Chinese thinking on music.[6] "Correct"
music according to Zhou concept would involve instruments correlating to the five elements of nature
and would bring harmony to nature. Around or before the 7th century BC, a system of pitch
generation and pentatonic scale was derived from a cycle-of-fifths theory.
Art. Music.
Lenguage ( born ).

Most linguists classify all varieties of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, together
with Burmese, Tibetan and many other languages spoken in the Himalayas and the Southeast Asian
Massif. Although the relationship was first proposed in the early 19th century and is now broadly
accepted, reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan is much less developed than that of families such as Indo-
European or Austroasiatic. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack
of inflection in many of them, and the effects of language contact. In addition, many of the smaller
languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive
border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the higher-level structure of
the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is
often assumed, but has not been convincingly demonstrated.