Priyadarshini College of Engineering

Nagpur

SEMINAR
ON

H.263 :Video compression

standard

Presented by:Ekta Tiwari

Roll no:03
 Why video compression ?
• In each case video information (and perhaps audio as well) is
transmitted over telecommunications links, including
networks, telephone lines, ISDN and radio.
• Video has a high "bandwidth" (i.e. many bytes of information
per second) and so these applications require video
compression or video coding technology to reduce the
bandwidth before transmission.
• Main reasons for compression of digital video:
• a) large storage requirement (a 30 minute video may require
50 GB of storage!!!)
• b) limited network bandwidth for real time video transmission
Video coding
 Introduction
• The H.263 standard, published by the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
• It supports video compression (coding) for
video-conferencing and video-telephony
applications.
 The H.263 system
• A number of video coding standards exist,
each of which is designed for a particular type
of application:
• for example, JPEG for still images, MPEG2 for
digital television and H.261 for ISDN video
conferencing.
• H.263 is aimed particularly at video coding for
low bit rates (typically 20-30kbps and above).
 Digitization formats
• QCIF:Y=176 x 144, Cb =Cr =88 x 72
• S-QCIF:Y=128 x 96, Cb =Cr =64 x 68
• Frame refresh rate =15 or 7.5 fps
 Types of frames
• I frame (intra-coded)
– Coded without reference to other frames
• P frame (predictive-coded)
– Coded with reference to a previous reference frame (either
I or P)
– Size is usually about 1/3rd of an I frame
• B frame (bi-directional predictive-coded)
– Coded with reference to both previous and future
reference frames (either I or P)
– Size is usually about 1/6th of an I frame
 GOP (Group of Pictures)
• GOP is a set of
consecutive frames that
can be decoded without
any other reference
frames
• Usually 12 or 15 frames
• Transmitted sequence is
not the same as displayed
sequence
• Random access to middle
of stream – Start with I
frame
 Blocks
• Process the data in blocks of 8x8 samples
• • Convert Red-Green-Blue into Luminance (grayscale) and
• Chrominance (Blue color difference and Red color
difference)
• • Use half resolution for Chrominance (because eye is
more sensitive to grayscale than to color)
H.263 Encoder
 Motion estimation and compensation
• The first step in reducing the bandwidth is to subtract
the previous transmitted frame from the current
• frame so that only the difference or residue needs to
be encoded and transmitted.
 Motion Compensation
• Subtract the reference area from the current
macroblock
• – difference macroblock
• Encode the difference macroblock with an
image encoder
• • If motion estimation was effective
• – little data left in difference macroblock
• – more efficient compression.
 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
• The DCT transforms a block of pixel values (or residual values) into a set of
"spatial frequency“ coefficients.
• This is analogous to transforming a time domain signal into a frequency
domain signal using a Fast Fourier Transform.
• Transform each block of 8x8 samples into a block of 8x8 spatial frequency
coefficients
• – energy tends to be concentrated into a few significant coefficients
• – other coefficients are close to zero / insignificant
 Quantization
• Divide each DCT coefficient by an integer,
discard remainder
• Result: loss of precision
• Typically, a few non-zero coefficients are left
 Entropy encoding
• An entropy encoder (such as a Huffman
encoder) replaces frequently-occurring values
with short binary codes and replaces
infrequently-occurring values with longer
binary codes.
 Frame store
• The current frame must be stored so that it
can be used as a reference when the next
frame is encoded
H.263 Decoder
 Entropy decode

• The variable-length codes that make up the

H.263 bit stream are decoded in order to
extract the coefficient values.
 Rescale
• This is the "reverse" of quantization: the
coefficients are multiplied by the same scaling
factor that was used in the quantizer.
Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform
• The IDCT transforms a set of "spatial
frequency“ coefficients into a block of pixel
values (or residual values)
 Applications
• Videoconferencing and videotelephony have a
wide range of applications including:
• desktop and room-based conferencing
• video over the Internet and over telephone lines
• surveillance and monitoring
• telemedicine (medical consultation and
diagnosis at a distance)
• computer-based training and education
 References
• Multimedia Communications By Halsall Fred
• Introduction to Image and Video Coding© Iain
E G Richardson 2001, 2002
Thank you!!!