Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AP CH 7 Periodic Properties PPT - 2-25-09
AP CH 7 Periodic Properties PPT - 2-25-09
Properties
Sizes of atoms and ions
Ionization energy
Electron affinity
Metallic properties
1
Properties and Electronic Structure
Properties depend on
• valence electrons
• Effective nuclear charge (net charge on an electron)
Protons-electrons attraction (increases)
Electron-electron repulsion (decreases)
Penetration of the orbitals (greater penetration –
increases the Zeff)
In a many-electron atom,
the Zeff depends on two
factors:
1. Attraction between
electrons and nucleus
2. Repulsion between
electrons in orbitals
3
Effective Nuclear Charge
5
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)
6
Effective Nuclear Charge on Valence
Electrons
• Expected Nuclear Charge by the valence
electron in
– Li atom; Be atom; B atom …..
Zeff = Z – σ
7
Effective Nuclear Charge on 2s Electron in
Li
http://www.wou.
edu/las/physci/c
h412/Periodic%
20trends/periodi
c_trends.htm
8
Shielding and (Zeff) in a Group
•The electron on the outside energy level has to look
through all the other energy levels to see the nucleus: it is
shielded from the nucleus by all the inner electrons
•Less attraction between the valence electron and the
nucleus
•Lower effective nuclear charge
24
Zeff in a Group
• Electrons enter new shell (energy level)
• Size of atom increases
• Zeff decreases: decreased force of attraction (Coulomb’s
Law – inversely proportional to r2)
• In a Group: Zeff decreases; shielding Increases.
10
Shielding in a Group
11
Shielding: Electron Repulsion and Orbital
Energy
Extent of shielding depends on:
1. Core e- provide more shielding than valence
electrons
2. Electrons in the same shell ( same n), extend of
shielding depends on l (penetration effects);
s>p>d>f
Correlates with degree of penetration.
29
Shielding Effects: Examples
15
Atomic Radii: Covalent Compounds
16
Atomic Size in a Group (shielding
dominates)
– Each new member has one
more level of inner electrons
– Inner electrons shield the
outer electrons very
effectively
– Zeff increases very slightly
(more protons)
– Atoms get larges, as n-
increases
– Atoms radii increase in a
group
17
Atomic Size in a Period: Zeff Dominates
– Electrons added to the same shell
– shielding by inner electrons changes very slightly, if at all.
– Outer electrons shield each other poorly
– Zeff rises significantly, electrons pulled closer to nucleus
– Atomic radius decreases in a period.
Na Mg Al C Si P Cl Ar
18
Atomic Radii of the Main Group Elements
35 19
Rb
Overall
Atomic Radius (nm) K
Na
Ga
Li
Zn Kr
V
Ar
Ne
H
10 Atomic Number
Radii in Transition Elements
22
Order the following according to
increasing atomic radius.
Ge Si Se Cl
23
Ionic Radius
24
Ionic Radius
Ionic radius:
the radius of a cation or an anion.
28
Sizes of Ions
29
Radii of Atoms and Corresponding Ions
Ionic Radius: Examples
31
Order the following according to
increasing atomic/ionic radius.
N3- Li+ C O2-
32
Ionization Energy
34
Trends in First Ionization Energies
36
Trends in First Ionization Energies
• Generally, as one
goes across a row, it
gets harder to remove
an electron.
– As you go from left to
right, Zeff increases,
shielding is almost the
same.
37
Trends in First Ionization Energies
38
Trends in First Ionization Energies
40
Trends in Successive IE
• The effective nuclear charge increases as
you remove electrons. Thus IE3>IE2>IE1
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
IE1 496 738 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1520
IE2 4562 1451 1817 1577 1903 2251 2297 2665
IE3 6912 7733 2745 3231 2912 3361 3822 3931
IE4 9543 10540 11575 4356 4956 4564 5158 5770
IE5 13353 13630 14830 16091 6273 7013 6540 7238
IE6 16610 17995 18376 19784 22233 8495 9458 8781
IE7 20114 21703 23293 23783 25397 27106 11020 11995
42
Explain the trend in IE
• For Mg
• IE1 = 735 kJ/mole
• IE2 = 1445 kJ/mole
• IE3 = 7730 kJ/mole
• For Al
• IE1 = 580 kJ/mole
• IE2 = 1815 kJ/mole
• IE3 = 2740 kJ/mole
• IE4 = 11,600 kJ/mole
43
Which will have the highest ionization
energy?
• C
• N
• O
• Al
• Si
44
Which will be the largest?
I = ionization energy
1. I1 of Na
2. I2 of Na
3. I1 of Mg
4. I2 of Mg
5. I3 of Mg
#5
45
Electron Affinity
D:\Chapter_07\Present\eMedia_Library\PeriodicTrendElctrnAffnity\PeriodicTre
ndElctrnAffnity.html
46
Electron Affinity, kJ/mol
47
Trends in Electron Affinity
49
Trends in Electron Affinity
51
Summary
• Reactive nonmetals (Groups 6A and 7A): have high
ionization energies and high negative electron affinities.
Gain electrons easily, lose electrons with difficulties.
52
Metallic Character
• Metals • Metalloids • Nonmetals
– malleable & ductile Also known as brittle in solid state
– shiny, lustrous semi-metals dull
– conduct heat and Show some electrical and
electricity metal and some thermal insulators
– most oxides basic nonmetal most oxides are
properties acidic and molecular
and ionic
– form cations in form anions and
solution polyatomic anions
– lose electrons in gain electrons in
reactions - reactions - reduced
oxidized
53
General Trends in Chemical Reactivity:
DIAGONAL RULE
• First member in each group differs from the rest
of the group
• It resembles element to its right and next period
(Li-Mg; Be-Al, B-Si). Has to do with size. Called
diagonal relationship.
54
Properties of Metal, Nonmetals,
and Metalloids
55
Metals versus Nonmetals
56
Metallic Character
Metals
• Lose electrons to become positive ions
• Low ionization energy
• Low electron affinity
• Good reducers
Nonmetals
• High IE
• Low EA
• Gain (to become negative ions)
• or share electrons to form covalent compounds
• Oxidizers 57
Metals versus Nonmetals
58
Metals
Tend to be lustrous,
malleable, ductile,
and good conductors
of heat and electricity.
59
Metals
• Compounds formed
between metals and
nonmetals tend to be
ionic.
• Metal oxides tend to
be basic.
60
Nonmetals
• Dull, brittle
substances that are
poor conductors of
heat and electricity.
• Tend to gain
electrons in reactions
with metals to acquire
noble gas
configuration.
61
Nonmetals
• Substances
containing only
nonmetals are
molecular
compounds.
• Most nonmetal oxides
are acidic.
• Form acids with
water.
62
Metalloids
• Have some
characteristics of
metals, some of
nonmetals.
• For instance, silicon
looks shiny, but is
brittle and fairly poor
conductor.
63
Group Trends
64
Alkali Metals
65
Alkali Metals
66
Alkali Metals
67
Alkali Metals
68
Alkaline Earth Metals
70
Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n≥2)
71
Group 4A/5A Elements
• Group VA:
– Carbon: nonmetal
– Silicon and germanium: metalloids
– Rest (Pb and Sn) metallic: react with acids,
but not with water.
– Variable oxidation states for Pb and Sn.
• Group 5A:
– N, P, nonmetals; As, and Sb metalloids
– Rest are metals. P exists as P4. N2 forms
many oxides, P only 2.
72
Group 6A
• Two allotropes:
– O2
– O3, ozone
• Three anions:
– O2−, oxide
– O22−, peroxide
– O21−, superoxide
• Tends to take electrons
from other elements
(oxidation)
74
Sulfur
• Weaker oxidizing
agent than
oxygen.
• Most stable
allotrope is S8, a
ringed molecule.
75
Group VIIA: Halogens
• Prototypical nonmetals
• Name comes from the Greek halos and gennao:
“salt formers”
76
Group VIIA: Halogens
77
Group VIIIA: Noble Gases
• Xe forms three
compounds:
– XeF2
– XeF4 (at right)
– XeF6
• Kr forms only one stable
compound:
– KrF2
• The unstable HArF was
synthesized in 2000. 79
Hydrogen: in a class by itself
1. CO2
2. P2O5
3. BaO
4. XeO3
5. SO2
81
Periodic Trends Interactive
• D:\Chapter_07\Present\eMedia_Library\Peri
odicTrendAcidBaseOxide\PeriodicTrendAci
dBaseOxide.html
82
83