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LTE FDD Coverage Planning - Cell Range
LTE FDD Coverage Planning - Cell Range
Index
LTE/EPC Overview
LTE Air Interface
Air Interface Overheads
RRM overview
LTE Link Budget
Radio Planning – Coverage Planning Cell Range
Radio Planning – Capacity
LTE Performance Simulations
Nokia LTE Solution
Initial Parameters Planning
2
Module Objectives
3
Coverage Dimensioning
4
Propagation Modelling
Propagation modeling belongs to the technology independent area. Good propagation modeling is
crucial for exact network planning and dimensioning. Nokia recommendations:
• Checks should be made to ensure that the digital terrain map (DTM) is up-to-date and is accurate in
terms of clutter, vectors, and ground height. The DTM resolution should be about 20 m for urban and
suburban areas and about 50 m for rural areas.
• The number of clutter categories should be approximately 10.
• If an operator specifies the propagation model, then the results should be compared with those
generated by an Nokia model to identify any significant differences.
• Building vectors should be used if the radio network plan includes micro cells with antenna which are
below the roof-top.
• RF measurements used to tune a propagation model should be based upon at least eight sites, with a
further two sites measured for subsequent model validation. Drive routes should be planned to remain
within the 3 dB beam width of the antenna and should avoid elevated sections of road, tunnels or
cuttings. The drive route should include a balance of line-of-site and non-line-of-site locations.
• Measurement data should be filtered, binned and analyzed prior to completing tuning. Each clutter type
should have at least 400 data samples after binning. The most appropriate type of propagation models
should be determined during the tuning procedure. After tuning, the models should be validated and
periodically audited.
5
Propagation Models
• Empirical
An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created.
Those models can be used only in the environments similar to the
examined one. The small changes in the environment characteristic can
cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.
• Deterministic
Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmitted and
receiving antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc . Those
methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accurate description of the
wave propagation but require a large computation time.
6
Propagation Models used in Nokia tools
• Okumura-Hata
Statistical to be tuned!
- The most commonly used statistical model
• Walfish-Ikegami
- Statistical model especially for urban environments
• Juul-Nyholm
- Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
different equation for predictions beyond radio
horizon (~20km)
Deterministic
• Ray-tracing
- Deterministic prediction tool for
microcellular environments
7
Applicability of the Okumura-Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami propagation models
Okumura-Hata Walfisch-Ikegami
Frequency Range 150 MHz to 1.0 GHz 800 MHz to 2.0 GHz
1.5 to 2.0 GHz
Range 1 to 20 km 30 m to 6 km
Applicable to Macrocells Macrocells
8
Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model
•In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G, some additional measurements
and adjustments were done in the framework of European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical
Research (COST)
•The validity range for the extended model:
- Frequency f: 150 MHz – 2000 MHz
- Distance R: 1-20 km
- BS height hBS: 10-200m
- MS height hMS: 1-10m correction
area type
factor [dB]
•The correction factor c present in the model depends on area type
dense urban areas -3
city center areas 0
2 f
2 log10 5.4 suburban areas 12,27
Correction 28 for suburban areas
4.78 log 2 f 18.33 log f 44.94 rural areas 32,52
Factor 10 10 for rural areas
9
Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model
R .............
69.99 150 MHz f 1500 MHz
A=
46.30 1500 MHz f 2000 MHz
10
Link Budget
Propagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata
f h h d
L A B log 13.82 log BS a MS s log Lclutter
MHz m m km
Frequency A B
150-1500 MHz 69.55 26.16
1500-2000MHz 46.3 33.9
3 DU
0 U
f
2
5.4
Clutter correction Lclutter 2 lg
28
SU
Term Lclutter
4.78 lg f 2 18.33 log f 40.94 RURAL
4.78 lg f 2 18.33 log f 35.94 ROAD
11
Link Budget Propagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata
hBS
44.9 6.55 log m , d 1km
s
f hBS 1
47.88 13.9 log MHz 13.82 log m log50 , d 1km
12
Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami
LOS NLOS
• line-of-sight loss • roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss
• mobile environment losses
d
h
w
b
13
Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
“Manhattan grid”
model
15
Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
18, hBS h
kd h h
18 15 BS , hBS h
h
4 0.7 f
925 1, Medium sized cities and suburban centres
kf
4 0.7 f 1,
925 Metropolitan centres
17
Propagation Models – Microcell
Rx
Tx
Tx
Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms computer power
consuming.
Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.
18
Coverage Dimensioning
19
Coverage Area – Coverage Area in Dimensioning
•After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated
•When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account
R
R
20
Capacity Dimensioning Process – Overview
Subscribers Subscriber
Density Data Volume in
BH
# Coverage # Capacity
Sites Sites
Max
BH = Busy Hour
# Sites
• Outputs:
• Site count for capacity and coverage
• The final number of sites is the bigger number from capacity and coverage point of view
• The calculation could be done for each clutter type and for different phases (for example years)
21
The Number of Sites due to Coverage
Site Area Area Size Subscribers Traffic Model Site Capacity
Subscriber Data
Subscribers
Volume in BH
Density
# Coverage # Capacity
Sites Sites
Max
# Sites
22
The Number of Sites due to Coverage
Example:
• Planned area is 100 Km²
• Site Area is 10 Km²
• The number of sites due to coverage is 100 Km²/ 10 Km² = 10
23
Coverage Area – Hexagons vs. Cells
24
Coverage Area – DL simulation
25
Coverage Area – UL simulation
26
Tools
There are definitely not a large number of commercial radio network planning
tools which may be used for either the path loss based approach or the LTE
simulation based approach.
However, almost any planning tool might be used for LTE DL coverage estimation
as propagation phenomenon is more or less technology independent. Trying to
simulate UL or even DL/UL throughput presents a bigger challenge, but certain
workarounds are feasible.
27
Coverage Dimensioning
28
Exercise
• Compare the UL & DL Pathloss and Cell Range for the following services:
• DL: VoIP 12,2 Kbps
• 1024 Kbps, 2048 Kbps and 4096 Kbps
• UL: VoIP 12,2 Kbps
• 64 Kbps, 384 Kbps and 1024 Kbps
• For the pathloss use the results and the assumptions from chapter 5: LTE Link Budget
• Building Penetration Loss, Shadowing Margin & Gain Against Shadowing are considered
29
Solution – DL
30
Solution – UL
31
Coverage Dimensioning
32
Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies --- Assumptions
33
Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies
34
Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies
35