Lecture 3

1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Transmission Mode
 It defines the direction of signal flow
between two linked devices.
 There are three types of transmission
modes:
 Simplex
 Half duplex
 Full duplex

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 Simplex
 Communication is unidirectional
 As one way street
 Only one of the two stations on a link can
transmit.
 The other can only receive.
 E.g. traditional monitors, keyboards.

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 Half Duplex
 Each station can both transmit and
receive.
 But not at a same time.
 When one device is sending, the other can
only receive, and vice versa.
 The entire capacity of the channel is taken
over by the whichever of the two devices
is transmitting at the time.
 E.g. walkie-talkies
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 Full Duplex
 Also called duplex.
 Both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.
 Two way street, traffic flowing in two
directions at the same time.
 Signals going in either direction share the
capacity.

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 Full Duplex
 This sharing can occur in two ways:
 Either the link must contain two physically
separate transmission paths, one for sending
and other for receiving.
 Or the capacity of the channel is divided
between signals traveling in opposite
directions.
 E.g. telephone network. Both parties can talk
and listen at the same time.

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1.7
 Categories of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

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 LAN
 A Local Area Network is usually privately
owned and links the devices in a single
office, building, or campus.
 LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a
printer in someone’s home office.
 Or it can extend throughout a company
and include voice, sound and a video
peripherals.

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 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 LAN
 To share resources.
 Sharing includes hardware i.e. printer,
software i.e. an application program or
data.
 One of the computers may be given a
large capacity disk drive and become a
server to the other clients.
 Sotware can be stored on this central
server and used as needed by the whole
group.
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 LAN
 The most common topologies of LAN are
bus, ring and star.
 LANs have data rates in the 4 to 16 Mbps
range.
 But now speed is increasing….. Find it
out?

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 Metropolitan Area Network
 MAN is designed to extend over an entire
city.
 It may be single network i.e. cable tv
network.
 Or it may be a means of connecting a
number of LANs into a large network so
that resources may be shared LAN to LAN.
 Company can use a MAN to connect the
LANs in all of its offices throughout a city.
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 Wide Area Network
 WAN provides long distance transmission
of data, voice, image and video
information over large geographical areas
that may comprise a country, a continent
or even the whole world.

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 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 1-4 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

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 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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