GENERAL ALUMINUM

INFORMATION
 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

 Types, Characteristics

 What is Temper

 What is Finishing

 Alloy Numbers
• What is an alloy?
•
An alloy is simply a mixture of metals melted together to form a
new metal with characteristics distinct from those metals from
which it is made.

 What is an Aluminum Alloy?


An Aluminum alloy is an alloy primarily of pure aluminum, mixed
with different alloying elements that give rise to an entire range
of materials, each of which is designed to maximize a particular
characteristic such as strength, ductility, formability, machine-
ability, or electrical conductivity
 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
 Commercially pure aluminum is a white, lustrous metal, light in
weight and corrosion resistant.

 Aluminum alloys in which the principal alloying ingredients are:

 manganese,
 magnesium,
 chromium,
 magnesium and silicon,
 On the other hand, those alloys in which substantial percentages
of copper are used are more susceptible to corrosive action.

 The total percentage of alloying elements is seldom more than 6

or 7 percent in the wrought aluminum alloys.
 TYPES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND USES
 Aluminum is one of the most widely used metals in modern aircraft construction.
It is vital to the aviation industry because of its high strength/weight ratio, its
corrosion-resisting qualities, and its comparative ease of fabrication.

 The outstanding characteristic of aluminum is its light weight.

 Commercially pure aluminum melts at the comparatively low temperature of

1,216°F.
 It is nonmagnetic, and is an excellent conductor of electricity.

 Commercially pure aluminum has a tensile strength of about 13,000 psi, but by
rolling or other cold-working processes, its strength may be approximately
doubled.

 By alloying with other metals, together with the use of heat-treating processes,
the tensile strength may be raised to as high as 96,000 psi, or to well within the
strength range of structural steel.
 advantage/disadvantage
 One disadvantage of aluminum alloy is the difficulty of making reliable
soldered joints.

 Oxidation of the surface of the heated metal prevents soft solder from
adhering to the material; therefore, to produce good joints of aluminum
alloy, a riveting process is used.

 Some aluminum alloys are also successfully welded.

 The various types of aluminum maybe divided into two classes:

a. Casing alloys (those suitable for casting in sand, permanent mold,

and die castings)

b. Wrought alloys (those that may be shaped by rolling, drawing, or

forging).
What is Temper?
  This is the quality of metal that describes it’s
ability to spring back after it is flexed . It doesn’t
have anything to do with how hard the metal is.

 Soft temper means that when it is bent, it stays

bent, and it doesn’t take much force to do it.

 Hard temper means that when it is bent, it springs

back flat, and it takes a lot of force to put a kink
into it.
 
What is Temper?
 The temper designation follows the alloy designation and
shows the actual condition of the metal.

 alloy designation by a letter and dash.

 The letter F following the alloy designation indicates the

"as fabricated condition, in which no effort has been made
to control the mechanical properties of the metal,

 The letter O indicates dead soft, or annealed, condition.

 The letter W indicates solution heat treated.

 Solution heat treatment consists of heating the metal to a

high temperature followed by a rapid quench in cold water

 , This in an unstable temper, applicable only to those

alloys that spontaneously age at room temperature.

What is Temper?
 The letter H indicates:
 strain hardened, cold-worked, hand-drawn, or
rolled. Additional digits are added to the H to
indicate the degree of strain hardening.
 This letter designates a process of stretching or
compressing in order to impart a particular temper.
 H_1    1/8 hard
     H_2    1/4 hard
     H_3    3/8 hard
     H_4    1/2 hard
     H_5    5/8 hard
     H_6    3/4 hard
     H_7    7/8 hard
     H_8    Full hard
What is Temper?
 The letter T tempers (thermally treated tempers)  These tempers are imparted by heating,
quenching, or cooling in a controlled way. Greater strength is obtainable in the heat-
treatable alloys

T1    Cooled after being shaped to its final dimensions during a process involving a lot of
heat (such as extrusion), then naturally aged to a stable condition.
   
T2    Cooled after being shaped to its final dimensions during a process involving a lot of heat
(such as extrusion), then cold worked.
T3    Solution heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged to a stable condition.

T4    Solution heat treated and naturally aged to a stable condition

T5    Cooled after being shaped to its final dimensions during a process involving a lot of heat
(such as extrusion), then artificially aged. T5 is T1 that has been artificially aged.

T6    Solution heat treated and artificially aged to a stable condition. T6 is T4 that has been artificially aged.

T7    Solution heat treated and naturally aged past the point of a stable condition. This process
provides control of some special characteristics.
T8    Solution heat treated, cold worked and artificially aged. T8 is T3 that has been artificially
aged.
T9    Solution heat treated, artificially aged and cold worked A stable temper T9 is T6 that has
been cold worked.

T10  Cooled after being shaped to its final dimensions during a process involving a lot of heat
(such as extrusion), then cold worked and artificially aged. T10 is T2 that has been artificially
aged.
 
What is Finishing?
 Finishing aluminum is a little more complex than it seems at first.
 Aluminum is an extremely reactive metal.
It combines instantly on contact with air to form a thin film of aluminum oxide .
This film is not really visible, but it if the metal is touched, it comes off on your
hands as a black smudge

Polishing
It can be polished, with an abrasive finish, or even a high polish, but the metal
itself is comparatively soft.

 Lacquering
 The best way for a fabricator keep the silvery look of the parent metal is to
abrade the surface with the abrasive finish you require,
then lacquer the piece with a clear organic finish that is specifically designed for
use with aluminum
 conventional finishes will either react with the metal, or will not adhere
correctly.
   Anodizing
It is a process of dipping the aluminum into a liquid solution
that contains chemicals that clear the metal surface of its
coating of aluminum oxide where a dye is introduced into the
solution which can now penetrate the surface of the metal to
some depth.

The process requires a high current to pass through the

metal during the process in order to fix the dye and seal the
aluminum with a hard surface.
 ALLOY NUMBERS
    These numbers refer to a specific chemical composition of the
aluminum alloy - the "recipe" of the metal.

 Pure aluminum is not a very useful product in any structural

work - aluminum products almost without exception are
produced from batches of pure aluminum mixed with a number
of alloying elements that have been carefully specified to
maximize particular characteristics of the finished metal.

 For example, an aluminum alloy that is easily extruded,

 May be difficult to machine,
 An alloy that machines well, may be difficult to weld,.
 ALLOY NUMBERS -1
 Aluminum products are identified by a universally used designation system.

 Under this arrangement, wrought aluminum and wrought aluminum alloys are
designated by a four-digit index system.

 The first digit of the designation indicates the major alloying element or alloy group

 The lxxx indicates aluminum of 99.00 percent or greater;

 The 2xxx indicates an aluminum alloy in which copper is the major

alloying element;

 The 3xxx indicates an aluminum alloy with manganese as the major

alloying element; etc..
 ALLOY NUMBERS - 2
 In the 1xxx group, the second digit in the designation indicates
modifications in impurity limits.
 If the second digit is zero,
 it indicates that there is no special control on individual impurities.

 The last two of the four digits indicate the minimum aluminum
percentage.
 Thus, alloy 1030 indicates 99.30 percent aluminum without special
control on impurities.

 Alloys 1130, 1230, 1330, etc., indicate the same aluminum purity with
special control on one or more impurities.
 Likewise, 1075, 1175,1275, etc., indicate 99.75 percent aluminum.
 ALLOY NUMBERS - 3
 In the 2xxx through 8xxx groups

 the second digit indicates alloy modifications.

 If the second digit in the designation is zero,
 It indicates the original alloy, while numbers 1 through 9, assigned
consecutively, indicate alloy modifications.

 The last two of the four digits have no special significance, but serve
only to identify the different alloys in the group
 DESIGNATIONS FOR ALUMINUM ALLOY GROUPS

 Aluminum- 99.0 percent minimum and greater

………………………………………1xxx
 Aluminum alloy, grouped by major alloying element:
 Copper………………………2xxx
 Manganese……….. ..……...3xxx
 Silicon………………….……4xxx
 Magnesium………………….5xxx
 Magnesium and silicon …...6xxx
 Zinc……………………….….7xxx

THE ALLOYS
   Alloy 1100
           A low strength but very workable alloy with excellent corrosion resistance. It is not heat treatable. It is easily welded,
however it is soft, and spalls when machined.
       1100-O: Annealed (or "soft", bendable condition)
       1100-H14: Strain hardened

   Alloy 2011
           A free machining, heat treatable alloy, with fair corrosion resistance, but not very easily welded.
        2011-T3: Heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged
    Alloy 2024
          Heat treatable with high strength, good machinability and fair corrosion resistance. It welds very poorly.
        2024-O: Annealed (or "soft", bendable condition)
        2024-T3: Heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged
        2024-T351: Heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged
 Alloy 3003
           This alloy is not heat treatable but welds very well and has very good workability. Like alloy 1100 it is somewhat soft
and difficult to machine.
        3003-H14: Strain hardened
        3003-H22: Strain hardened, partially annealed

   Alloy 5005
            Poor machinability, good workability and welds very well. It finishes very well, and offers excellent corrosion
resistance.
        5005-H34: Strain-hardened and stabilized
      
    Alloy 5052
           Strong, not heat treatable, easily welded, with excellent corrosion characteristics.
        5052-O: Annealed (or "soft", bendable condition)
        5052-H32: Strain-hardened and stabilized

   Alloy 5086
           Very strong, not heat treatable, with excellent corrosion resistance and good weldability.
        5086-H116: Strain-hardened only
        5086-H32: Strain-hardened and stabilized
        5086-H34: Strain-hardened and stabilized
    Alloy 6061
           Heat treatable, easily welded,  with very good corrosion resistance and finishing characteristics. Very commonly used for architectural products
        6061-O: Annealed (or "soft", bendable condition)
        6061-T4: Heat treated and naturally aged
        6061-T6: Heat treated and artificially aged
        6061-T65: Heat treated and artificially aged
        6061-T6511: Heat treated and artificially aged

   Alloy 6063
           This heat treatable is specifically designed for extrusions, very popular for architectural shapes.
        6063-T52: Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process and artificially aged

   Alloy 7050
           High strength, excellent corrosion resistence, heat treatable, and weldable, but has poor workability.
        7050-T7451: Heat treated, overaged and strengthened
 Alloy 7075
           Heat treatable, this alloy is the strongest and hardest aluminum alloy. It has good machining characteristics but is not very easliy welded nor is
it very workable.
        7075-O: Annealed (or "soft", bendable condition)
        7075-T6: Heat treated and artificially aged
        7075-T651: Heat treated and artificially aged
 Heat Treatment for Aluminum -2
 Solution Heat Treatments
Improve mechanical properties by developing maximum practical
concentration of the hardening constituents in solid solution;
involves heating to above the critical temperature, holding, and
abrupt quenching.

 Quenching
Cooling alloy fast enough to retain a supersaturated solid
solution of alloying constituents without introducing adverse
metallurgical or mechanical conditions; Most common quenching
media are water, air blast, soap solutions and hot oil
Heat Treatment for Aluminum - 3
 Precipitation Hardening:
 Some times called age hardening, used on aluminum, copper, nickel,
magnesium and some stainless alloys
 Ageing:
 The ageing process can be divided into two main categories after the
ageing temperature

 Natural Ageing:
 The Heat treatable alloys changes properties when stored at room
temperature after solution heat treatment and quenching.

 Artificial Ageing: By heating the solution heat treated material to a

temperature above room temperature and holding it there the precipitation
accelerates and the strength is farther increased compare to natural
ageing
Heat Treatment for Aluminum
 Preheating or Homogenizing
Typically a preliminary to other treatments to reduce
chemical segregation of cast structures and improve
their workability; reduce brittleness in cast structure

 Annealing
Aids in workability by softening aluminum and heat
treated alloy structures to relive stresses and stabilize
properties and dimensions of product
Figure 1: Al-Cu phase diagram (Al rich, partial), showing
three
steps in precipitation hardening and the
Guinier –Preston Zones (GP zones).
 The first step in the process of aging is the

formation of Guinier – Preston Zones (GP zones).

 GP Zones are solute atoms that have diffused into

coherent clusters.

 Coherent clusters are clusters of the solute atoms

that distort the crystal structure, but are still
connected to the rest of the crystal structure.

 The GP Zones contain these solute clusters that

stop the procession of dislocations, thus
strengthening the material.
 GP I Zones,
 which are very thin precipitates form first, right after the
supersaturated solid solution has been heated below the
solvus temperature (solution-treatment).
 Then the GP I Zones thicken into thin disks called GP II
Zones. If diffusion continues, the GP II Zones will grow
into coherent equiaxed theta prime precipitates.
 Finally, incoherent stable theta precipitates
 under aged, over aged, or critically aged.

 Under aging occurs when the alloy is heated for too

short of time. This will provide a relatively weak alloy
due to the undeveloped GP zones.

 Over aged, which indicates that the alloy had been

heated for too long of time, the final product will be a
relatively weak alloy. Maximum strength is obtained
when the alloy is critically aged.

 Dimensional changes can occur in the specimen during

age hardening. The change depends on the type of
alloy, size and shape of the specimen, quenching
process, aging temperature an time.
Before Solution Heat Treatment After Solution Heat Treatment
Figure 2:
Al-Cu phase diagram showing GP Zones