Database Systems

Compiled by:
Aqsa Zahoor
Visiting Lecturer (UOS)
 Data vs Information

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What is Database??

Difference between data structures and
databases.

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Traditional Systems

Why were they flop?

What is file system (Decentralized)?

Challenges of File System?
 Managing dependencies
 Querying
 Updation
 Redundancy
 File Formats
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DBMS

Why we need it?

What is relational DBMS?

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Example: Book Seller

What data we need?

What capabilities on data we need?

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What a DBMS does?

Describes real world entities in form of stored data.

Persistently stores large datasets

Efficiently query and update

Change structure

Concurrency control

Crash recovery

Security and Integrity
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Data Models:

Describes the structure of database, operations for
manipulating database and constraints to be obeyed by
database.

Constructs are used to define the structure of database
(i.e. elements like entities, record, tables, relationships,
data Types).

Constraints are designed to specify restrictions on data.

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Levels of data models:

Conceptual model (High level, Semantic):

Provides concepts that are closed to the way user perceives data. i.e.
entity-based and object based data models.

Physical model (low level, internal):

Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the
computer.

These are usually specified in an ad-hoc manner through DBMS design
and administration manuals.

Implementation model (Representational, logical):
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