PHOTOSYNTHESIS

process by which plants,

some bacteria and some
protists use the energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS from sunlight to produce
glucose from carbon
dioxide and water
 sunlight
CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2
 HOW DOES THE NECESSARY
REACTANTS ENTER THE PLANT?

Water enters the root and is transported up to the leaves through specialized
plant cells known as ________________ xylem vessels

stomata to
Plants have evolved specialized structures known as ____________
allow gas to enter and leave the leaf.

Carbon dioxide cannot pass through the protective waxy layer covering
cuticle
the leaf called _____________
 Click icon to add picture
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light Dependent Light

Reaction Independent
Reaction
Occurs in the Occurs in the stroma
thylakoid
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

1 photoionisation of chlorophyll transfers excited

electrons to an electron acceptor

photolysis of water (an electron donor) produces

2 oxygen molecules, hydrogen ions and electrons, and

the latter are transferred to the positively-charged
chlorophyll
 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

An electron transfer system (a

series of chemical reactions)
carries the two electrons to and fro
across the thylakoid membrane.
The energy to drive these processes
comes from two photosystems:

• Photosystem II (PSII) (P680)

• Photosystem I (PSI) (P700)
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

the electron acceptor

3
passes the electrons to the
electron transport chain;
the final acceptor is
photosystem PSI
 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

4 Reenergized electrons are used to reduce NADP to NADPH

 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Chemiosmosis - movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down

their electrochemical gradient
 CALVIN CYCLE

 - Also known as the Dark reaction

 - Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or water for
aquatic/marine organisms) is captured and modified by the
addition of hydrogen to form carbohydrates
 - Carbon fixation
CALVIN CYCLE
CARBON
FIXATION
CO2 is attached to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate resulting in
a six-carbon molecule that splits into two, three-carbon
molecules (PGA)

REDUCTIO
N
Electrons from NADPH and ATP are used to reduce
PGA into G3P
REGENERATION

Main goal: To regenerate Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.

For every 3 turns of the cycle, 6 G3Ps are generated; 5 of which

are used to reform ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. One molecule of
G3P is used to make glucose, fatty acids, or glycerol

It takes 2 molecules of G3P to make one molecule of glucose

phosphate. Thus, the Calvin cycle has to run _____ times to
produce one mole of glucose. •6
 What type of organisms facilitate or
undergo photosynthesis?

Photosynthetic Organisms

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

REVIEW
Stroma

What is the movement of ions across a

semipermeable membrane, down their
electrochemical gradient?

Chemiosmosis
 What does G3P stand for?

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

What does NADH stand for?

REVIEW Nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide hydrogenase

What is the reverse of Photosynthesis?

Cellular respiration