Complex Numbers and Functions (2018!11!08 23-40-22 UTC)

Dr.
Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
AND FUNCTIONS
Dr. Mohamed Morsy
Advanced Applied Mathematics
Complex Numbers. Complex Plane
2
 Equations without real solutions, such as x2 = -1 or x2 -10x + 40 = 0, were

observed early in history and led to the introduction of complex numbers.1
By definition, a complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real
numbers x and y, written
x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z, written
By definition, two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and
their imaginary parts are equal.
Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Complex Numbers. Complex Plane
3
 (0, 1) is called the imaginary unit and is denoted by i,

Addition, Multiplication. Notation z = x + iy
4
 Addition of two complex numbers z1=(x1, y1) and z2 = (x2, y2) is defined
by
 Multiplication is defined by
 In particular, these two definitions imply that
 as for real numbers x1, x2. Hence the complex numbers "extend" the real
numbers. We can thus write

Complex Numbers
5
 In practice, complex numbers z = (x, y) are written
 If x = 0, then z = iy and is called pure imaginary
Example

Subtraction, Division
6
 Subtraction and division are defined as the inverse operations

of addition and multiplication, respectively. Thus the
difference z = z1-z2 is the complex number z for which z1= z
+ z2
 The quotient z = z1/z2 (z2≠0) is the complex number z for

which z1 = zz2. The practical rule used to get this is by
multiplying numerator and denominator of z1/z2 by x2 - iy2
and simplifying:

Example
7

Complex Plane
8
 We choose two perpendicular coordinate axes, the horizontal x -axis.

called the real axis, and the vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis. On
both axes we choose the same unit of length.

Complex Plane
9

Complex Conjugate Numbers
10
 The complex conjugate z of a complex number z = x + iy is defined by
It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the point z in the real axis.
The complex conjugate is important because it permits us to switch from complex

to real.

Complex Conjugate Numbers
11

Example
12

Polar Form of Complex Numbers.
Powers and Roots
13
 The complex plane becomes even more useful and gives further insight
into the arithmetic operations for complex numbers if besides the xy-
coordinates we also employ the usual polar coordinates r,  defined by
We see that then z = x + iy takes the so-called polar form
r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is denoted by z. Hence

Polar Form of Complex Numbers.
Powers and Roots
14
  is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z.
The principal value Arg z (with capital A!) of arg z by the double inequality
Then we have Arg z = 0 for positive real z = x, which is practical, and Arg z =  (not -)
for negative real z
Obviously,
for a given z ≠ 0 the other values of arg z are arg z = Arg z ± 2n (n = ± 1, ±2, • •

Example
15

Triangle Inequality
16
 Inequalities such as x1 < x2 make sense for real numbers, but not in
complex because there is no natural way of ordering complex numbers.
However, inequalities between absolute values (which are real!), such as
| z1 | < |z2| (meaning that Z1 is closer to the origin than z2) are of great
importance.
This inequality follows by noting that the three points

0, Z1, and z1+ z2 are the vertices of a triangle (Fig.) with
sides lz1l, |z2|, and |z1+ z2|, and one side cannot exceed the
sum of the other two sides.

Triangle Inequality
17
 The generalized triangle inequality
that is, the absolute value of a sum cannot exceed the sum of the absolute values of
the
terms.
Example

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
18
 Let
Multiplication
The addition rules for the sine and cosine now yield
(1)
Taking absolute values on both sides, we see that the absolute value of a product
equals the product of the absolute values of the factors

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
19
 Taking arguments in (1) shows that the argument of

a product equals the sum of the arguments of the
factors,

Division in polar form
20

Integer Powers of z. De Moivre's Formula
21
De Moivre's formula:
n=0,1,2,…

Roots
22
 If z = wn (n = 1, 2, …). then to each value of w there corresponds one

value of z. We shall immediately see that, conversely, to a given z ≠ 0
there correspond precisely n distinct values of w. Each of these values is
called an nth root of z, and we write
Hence this symbol is multivalued, namely, n-valued. The n values of V z can be

obtained as follows. We write z and w in polar form

Roots
23

Roots
24
where k=0, I, …., n - I. These n values lie on a circle of radius with center at (0,0)
the origin and constitute the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides. The value of
obtained by taking the principal value of arg z and k = 0 is called the principle value.
Taking z=1, we have

Roots
25
If  denotes the value corresponding to k = 1 in , then the n values of can

be written as
More generally, if w1 is any nth root of an arbitrary complex number z≠0, then the
n values of are

Example
26
 Find and graph all roots in the complex plane
Solution
n=8

Example
27
 Find and graph all roots in the complex plane
Solution
n=3,
k=0,1,2

Complex Function
28
 Recall from calculus that a real function f defined on a set S

of real numbers (usually an interval) is a rule that assigns to
every x in S a real number f(x), called the value of f at x. Now
in complex, S is a set of complex numbers. And a function f
defined on S is a rule that assigns to every z in S a complex
number w, called the value of f at z. We write
Here z varies in S and is called a complex variable. The set S is called the domain
of definition of f

Complex Functions
29

Derivative. Analytic Function
30
 Circles and Disks.

The unit circle |z| = 1 (Fig. 327) has already occurred in Sec.
13.2. Figure 328 shows a general circle of radius p and center
a. Its equation is
because it is the set of all z whose distance |z — a| from the center a equals . Accordingly,
its interior ("open circular disk") is given by |z — a| < , its interior plus the circle itself
("closed circular disk") by |z — a| ≤ , and its exterior by |z — a| > 
Circles and Disks.
31
 Figure 329 shows an open annulus (circular ring) p1 < |z -a|< p2, which
we shall need later. This is the set of all z whose distance |z — a| from a is
greater than p : but less than p2. Similarly, the closed annulus
1 ≤ |z — a| ≤ p2 includes the two circles.

Complex Function
32

Complex Function
33

Derivative
34
 The derivative of a complex function f at a point Z0 is written

f'(zo) and is defined by
 Provided this limit exists. Then f is said to be differentiable at

Z0. If we write ∆z = z -z0 we have z = zo + ∆z and it takes the
form

Differentiability of complex number
35

Differentiability of complex
36
number

Analytic Functions
37
 Complex analysis is concerned with the theory and

application of "analytic functions,“ that is, functions that are
differentiable in some domain, so that we can do "calculus in
complex." The definition is as follows.

Cauchy-Riemann Equations.
38

Examples
39

Laplace’s Equation
40

Exponential Function
41
 In the remaining sections of this chapter we discuss the basic

elementary complex functions, the exponential function,
trigonometric functions, logarithm, and so on
 We begin with one of the most important analytic functions,
the complex exponential function

Exponential Functions
42
A function f(z) that is analytic for all z is called an entire function. Thus, ez is
entire. Just as in calculus the Functional relation

Exponential Functions
43

44
 for z = iy we have the so-called Euler formula

45
 For pure imaginary exponent
 Periodicity of ez with period 2i

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
46

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
47

Example
48

Example (Continued)
49
Solution

Example
50

Trigonometric functions
51

Complex Numbers and Functions (2018!11!08 23-40-22 UTC)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Complex Numbers and Functions (2018!11!08 23-40-22 UTC)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.

Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University 1

 Equations without real solutions, such as x2 = -1 or x2 -10x + 40 = 0, were

x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z, written

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 (0, 1) is called the imaginary unit and is denoted by i,

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 In particular, these two definitions imply that

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 In practice, complex numbers z = (x, y) are written

 If x = 0, then z = iy and is called pure imaginary

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 Subtraction and division are defined as the inverse operations

 The quotient z = z1/z2 (z2≠0) is the complex number z for

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 We choose two perpendicular coordinate axes, the horizontal x -axis.

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 The complex conjugate z of a complex number z = x + iy is defined by

It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the point z in the real axis.

The complex conjugate is important because it permits us to switch from complex

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

We see that then z = x + iy takes the so-called polar form

r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is denoted by z. Hence

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

  is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z.

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

This inequality follows by noting that the three points

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 The generalized triangle inequality

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 Taking arguments in (1) shows that the argument of

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 If z = wn (n = 1, 2, …). then to each value of w there corresponds one

Hence this symbol is multivalued, namely, n-valued. The n values of V z can be

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Taking z=1, we have

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

If  denotes the value corresponding to k = 1 in , then the n values of can

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 Find and graph all roots in the complex plane

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 Find and graph all roots in the complex plane

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 Recall from calculus that a real function f defined on a set S

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 Circles and Disks.

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

 The derivative of a complex function f at a point Z0 is written

 Provided this limit exists. Then f is said to be differentiable at

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Dr. Mohamed Morsy - Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University