HVAC

2.0
 2.0 HVAC
2.1 General 2.1.3 Air-Conditioning
Standards
2.1 General 2.1.1 Definition of Air-
Conditioning 1.Cooling and De-humidifying
2.2 Refrigeration for summer cooling, temperatures of 68
Cycle deg to 74 deg F and 50% relative
the simultaneous control of the humidity are a frequent design average.
2.3 Types of Air- temperature, humidity, motion and
Conditioning Systems purity of the air in a confined space. 2. Heating and Humidifying
for winter cooling, temperatures of 70 deg
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment
2.1.2 Functions or to 75 deg F and relative humidity of 30%
to 35% are found most satisfactory.
Elements of Air-
2.5 Heating Systems Conditioning 3. Air Motion
air velocity should average 4.57 to 7.6
2.6 Provisions in the meters per min measured 36” above the
NBC Concerning 1. Cooling and de-humidifying of air
2. Heating or humidifying of air floor.
HVAC
3. Cleaning of air or filtration
4. Air Supply
4. Circulation of air a. 5 cuft to 7-1/2 cuft of air per minute per
person (5-71/2 cuft/min/pers). In rooms
where smoking is not allowed

b.25 cuft to 40 cuft of air per minute per

person allowed in rooms where smoking
is permitted.
 2.0 HVAC
2.1.4 Methods of Cooling 3. Passing the air through coils
containing the refrigerant itself; in
and De-humidifying
this case the coils are called “direct
2.1 General
expansion” coils
1. Passing the air through a spray of
2.2 Refrigeration
cold water 4. Passing the air through a
Cycle
combination of sprays and coils
2.3 Types of Air- 2. Passing the air through coils
Conditioning Systems containing cold water

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.2 Refrigeration Cycle *Freon - refrigerant used for cooling.
Mechanical refrigeration is based upon the
alternate liquefying and evaporating of a volatile
1. Freon* is a gas at normal temperature liquid with a low boiling point usually Freon 12
2.1 General (Dichlorodiflouromethane) or Freon 11
and pressure. It is first subjected to high
(Trichloromonoflouromethane) during which
pressure in a compressor which raises its
2.2 Refrigeration processes it respectively gives off and takes in
boiling point and temperature. heat. The desirable properties of Freon are: a)
Cycle
high heat of vaporization; b) moderate pressure
2. At the same high pressure, the vapor is change for low to high temperature range; c)
2.3 Types of Air- non-toxic; d) incombustible; e) non-explosive;
piped into condenser coils where it is
Conditioning Systems and f) non-corrosive.
cooled by water to a degree below its
liquefaction point. It condenses into a
2.4 Air-Conditioning
liquid state and still under high pressure,
Equipment
passes to the evaporator.
2.5 Heating Systems
3. In the evaporator, the pressure is
relieved by the suction stroke of the
2.6 Provisions in the
compressor. The boiling point of the
NBC Concerning
liquid refrigerant drops and evaporation
HVAC into a vapor takes place. The water
which surrounds the evaporator coils
gives up its heat in causing the
vaporization at low pressure, thus
reducing its temperature to the
temperature of the refrigerant. The cold
water can then be piped at this low
temperature to any desired point and
sprayed to cool the passing air. The
refrigerant is sucked back into the
compressor and the cycle recommences
 2.0 HVAC
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems
2.1 General
1. Central Systems
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle All-Season Centralized Air
Conditioning System consists of
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems the following:

2.4 Air-Conditioning a. A method of cooling,

a refrigeration plant
Equipment
b. A source of heating
2.5 Heating Systems such as a boiler or
furnace
2.6 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning c. An Air Handling Unit
(AHU) equipped with
HVAC filters, pre-heater,
spray, cooling coils
and re-heater

d. The air distributing

equipment composed
of ducts, fans and air
outlets

e. The necessary
manual or automatic
controls
 2.0 HVAC
2. Split Type Air Conditioning
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment
AHU
2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the FCU

(FAN COIL
NBC Concerning
UNIT)
HVAC COMP.
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
ACCU
(AIR CONDITIONING
CONDENSING UNIT)
ACCU
 2.0 HVAC
3. Window Type Air Conditioning
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4 Air-Conditioning 2. Condensers
Equipment
a) Air-cooled Condensers
2.1 General
used in unit and packaged-type air-
2.4.1 The Refrigeration conditioners up to 3 tons
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle Plant refrigeration.

2.3 Types of Air- 1. Compressors b) Water-cooled Condensers

Conditioning Systems
a) Piston Type or Reciprocating Double-piped Condensers:
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Compressors
Equipment
for tonnages up to 100 tons
2.5 Heating Systems
b) Centrifugal Compressors
2.6 Provisions in the these are quieter, have fewer
NBC Concerning vibration problems, require less
HVAC maintenance and with better
operating control
 2.0 HVAC
Shell and Tube Condensers: 3. Evaporators

a) Shell and Tube Heat

2.1 General
Exchanger
2.2 Refrigeration similar in operation to the shell and
Cycle tube condenser. The refrigerant is
expanded into a shell enclosing the
2.3 Types of Air- tube through which the water flows.
Conditioning Systems
b) Direct Expansion Coils (coils
2.4 Air-Conditioning
containing the refrigerant itself)
Equipment
This may either be installed in the
2.5 Heating Systems spray chamber so that the water
Evaporative Condenser: sprayed into the air comes into
2.6 Provisions in the contact with the cooling coils or the
NBC Concerning air itself comes into direct contact
HVAC with the cooling coils, as in the
window type unit

2.4.2 Cooling and De-
humidifying
2.1 General Equipment
2.2 Refrigeration
1. Water Sprays
Cycle
2.3 Types of Air- 2. Cooling Coils
Conditioning Systems
2.4.3 Heating and
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment Humidifying
Equipment
2.5 Heating Systems
1. Tempering Coils
2.6 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning contains steam and are used
HVAC to heating the air ie.,
preheaters and reheaters.
2. Water Heaters
used for heating the water
which will be used in the
spray chamber to add heat
and humidity to the air
2.0 HVAC
2.4.4 Air Cleaning
Equipment
1. Filters
a) Dry Filters
consist of wire frames
enclosing felt, cotton or
sponge through which
the air is screened.
b) Viscous Filters
consist of metal
deflecting plates or
screens coated with
viscous oil.
c) Water Sprays
d) Eliminator Plates
consist of corrugated
galvanized iron sheets
placed 1-1/8” apart
which deflect the air flow
about 30 deg catching
the wet dust on the
surfaces
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.5 Air
Distribution
2.1 General Equipment
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle 1. Ducts
are usually of
2.3 Types of Air- galvanized sheet
Conditioning Systems metal, or aluminum
sheets, usually
2.4 Air-Conditioning
rectangular in
Equipment
section, depending
2.5 Heating Systems on the aspect
ratio*, although
2.6 Provisions in the circular ducts are
NBC Concerning also used for high
HVAC velocity systems.

*Aspect Ratio – the ratio

of the long side to short
side; not to exceed 5:1
although 4 or 3:1 is
preferred.
 2.0 HVAC
2. Fans 3. Air Outlets
these are made for two locations:
a) Centrifugal fans (radial fans) wall and ceiling.
2.1 General
these are intended for moving air at
2.2 Refrigeration comparatively high pressures and a) Wall outlets include the
Cycle are commonly used in duct systems. following:
Vaned outlets
2.3 Types of Air- b) Propeller or axial fans Perforated grills
Conditioning Systems commonly used for wall exhausts
b) Ceiling outlets include the
2.4 Air-Conditioning
following types:
Equipment
Plaques
2.5 Heating Systems Perforated panels
Perforated ceilings
2.6 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.6 Control Equipment 2. Actuating or Operating Devices

1. Sensing Devices a) Dampers

2.1 General
These control the flow of air and are
2.2 Refrigeration a) Humidistat in the form of louvers.
Cycle or Hygrostat is a controller, sensitive
to the amount of humidity in the air. b) Control Valves
2.3 Types of Air- These are valves with variable
Conditioning Systems orifices which are moved by motors
b) Thermostat
a controller which responds to to present smaller or larger openings
2.4 Air-Conditioning
changes in temperature. as directed by a thermostat.
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems c) Pressure Regulators c) Relays

are instruments sensitive to changes
2.6 Provisions in the in pressure. They may control a
NBC Concerning
single pressure or a differential
HVAC
between two pressures.
These are devices that use electrical
energy to amplify or convert the
power of a thermostat or other
controllers so that the resultant force
will be sufficient and adaptable to
operate a valve or damper.
 2.0 HVAC
2.5 Heating Systems

2.1 General 2.5.1 Types of Heating

Systems
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
TYPE OF HEATING HEATING METHOD METHOD OF
SYSTEM MEDIUM DEVICE OF AIR DISTRIBUTION
2.3 Types of Air-
HANDLING
Conditioning Systems
1. Mechanical Air Furnace Ducts Registers
2.4 Air-Conditioning Warm Air
Equipment Heating System
2. Steam Heating Steam Boiler Pipes Radiators
2.5 Heating Systems System
2.6 Provisions in the 3. Hot Water Water Water Pipes Radiators
NBC Concerning Heating System Heater
HVAC 1. Water Water Heater Pipes Ceiling or Floor
4. Radiant Panel
Heating System 2. Air Furnace Ducts Ceiling
3. Electricity Elec Heater Wires Ceiling
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.2 Mechanical Warm Air
Heating System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.2 Steam Heating
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1. Air-Vent System (One-Pipe
2.3 Types of Air- Gravity System)
Conditioning Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
HVAC
2. Vacuum System (Two-pipe
Steam Heating System)
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.4 Hot Water Heating
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air- 1. One-Pipe Hot Water Heating

Conditioning Systems System
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
HVAC

2. Two-Pipe Hot Water Heating

System
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.5 Radiant Panel
Heating System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating Systems

2.6 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.6 Provisions in the Capacity of Works, Project or
Plant
NBC Concerning HVAC The total horsepower of all engines,
2.1 General motors, turbines or other prime movers
2.6.1 Definitions installed, whether in operation or not.
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle Compressor
Accidental Contact
Any inadvertent physical contact with A mechanical device for the purpose of
2.3 Types of Air- increasing the pressure upon the
Conditioning Systems power transmission equipment, prime
movers, machines or machine parts refrigerant.
2.4 Air-Conditioning which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Condenser
Equipment
action or movement. A vessel or arrangement of pipes or
tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is
2.5 Heating Systems
Air Conditioning liquefied by the removal of heat.
2.6 Provisions in the The process of treating air so as to
NBC Concerning control simultaneously its temperature, Condemned Boiler or Unfired
HVAC humidity, cleanliness and distribution to Pressure Vessel
meet the requirements of the conditioned A boiler or unfired pressure vessel that
space. has been inspected by the Building
Official and declared unsafe or
Boiler disqualified and power stamped or
A closed vessel for heating water or for marked designating its rejection.
application of heat to generate steam or
other vapor to be used externally or to
itself.
 2.0 HVAC
Crane External Inspection
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a An inspection made on boiler during
load and moving it horizontally, the operation.
2.1 General hoisting mechanism being an integral part
of the machine. Guarded
2.2 Refrigeration Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
Cycle Duct by means of suitable enclosure guards,
A passageway made of sheet metal or covers or standard railings, so as to
2.3 Types of Air- other suitable material not necessarily preclude the possibility of accidental
Conditioning Systems leak tight, for conveying air or other contact or dangerous approach to
gases at low pressure. persons or objects.
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment Enclosed Internal Inspection
Means that the moving parts of a An inspection made when a boiler is shut
2.5 Heating Systems machine are so guarded that physical down, with hand holes, manholes, or
contact by any part of the human body is other openings opened or removed to
2.6 Provisions in the precluded or prevented. This does not permit inspection of the interior.
NBC Concerning however prohibit the use of hinged,
HVAC sliding or otherwise removable doors or Liquid Receiver
sections to permit inspection, lubrication A vessel permanently connected to a
or proper maintenance. system by inlet and outlet pipes for
storage of a liquid refrigerant.
Evaporation
That part of the AC/refrigeration system Locomotive Boiler
in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized to A boiler mounted on a self-propelled track
produce refrigeration. locomotive used to furnish motivating
power for traveling on rails.

Low Pressure Heating Boiler
A boiler operated at pressures not
exceeding 1.05 kgs/sqm with steam or
2.1 General water temperature not exceeding 250ºF.
2.2 Refrigeration Machine
Cycle The driven unit of an equipment.
2.3 Types of Air- Machine House
Conditioning Systems An enclosure for housing the hoisting
mechanism and power plant.
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment
Machine Parts
Any or all moving parts of a machine.
2.5 Heating Systems
Mechanical Works Plant
2.6 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning Includes steam plants, internal
combustion engine plants, hydraulic
HVAC
power plants, pumping plants,
refrigerating plants, air conditioning
plants, mill shops, factories, foundries,
shipyards, etc. containing any mechanical
equipment, machinery or process, driven
by steam, internal or external combustion
fuel, electricity, gas, air, water, heat,
chemicals or other prime movers.
2.0 HVAC
Point of Operation
That part of a machine which performs an
operation on the stock or material and/or
that place or location where stock or
material is fed to the machine. A
machine may have more than one point
of operation.
Portable Boiler
An internally fired boiler which is self-
contained, primarily intended for
temporary location.
Prime Mover
An engine or motor operated by steam,
gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous
fuels, liquids in motion or other forms of
energy whose main function is to drive or
operate, either directly of indirectly, other
mechanical equipment.
Process Machine
An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.
 2.0 HVAC
Refrigerant 2.6.2 Boilers and Pressure
A substance which produces a
refrigerating effect by its absorption of Vessels
2.1 General heat while expanding or evaporating.
1. Location of Boilers:
2.2 Refrigeration Ton of Refrigeration
Cycle The useful refrigerating effect equal to a) Boilers may be located inside buildings
12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/min. provided that the boiler room is of
2.3 Types of Air-
reinforced concrete or masonry and that
Conditioning Systems Unfired Pressure Vessel the boiler room shall not be used for any
A vessel in which pressure is obtained other purpose.
2.4 Air-Conditioning from an external source or from an
Equipment indirect application of heat. b) In case the main building is not made
up of fire resistive materials, boilers shall
2.5 Heating Systems
Ventilation be located outside the building at a
Process of supplying or removing air by distance of not less than 3.00 m from the
2.6 Provisions in the
natural or mechanical means to or from outside wall of the main building and the
NBC Concerning
any space. building housing the boiler shall be made
HVAC
up of fire resistive materials.

c) No part of the boiler shall be closer

than one meter from any wall.

d) Fire tube boilers shall be provided with

sufficient room for removal/replacement
of tubes either thru the front or rear.

2. Smokestacks whether self
supporting or guyed, shall be of
sufficient capacity to handle fuel
2.1 General
gases, shall be able to withstand a
2.2 Refrigeration wind load of 175 km per hour and
Cycle shall rise at least 5 m above the
eaves of any building within a radius
2.3 Types of Air- of 50 m.
Conditioning Systems
3. Manufacturers/assemblers of
2.4 Air-Conditioning
boilers/pressure vessels/pressurized
Equipment
water heaters shall stamp each
2.5 Heating Systems vessel on the front head or on any
other suitable location with the name
2.6 Provisions in the of the manufacturer, serial number,
NBC Concerning maximum allowable working
HVAC pressure, heating surface in sqm
and year of manufacture.
4. Boilers of more than 46 sqm
heating surface shall each be
provided with two means of feeding
water, one steam driven and one
electrically driven, one pump and
one injector.
2.0 HVAC
5. Two check valves shall be
provided between any feed pump
and the boiler in addition to the
regular shut-off valve.
6. Where two or more boilers are
connected in parallel, each steam
outlet shall be provided with a non-
return valve and a shut-off valve.
7. Boiler rooms shall have at least
two separate exits.
8. In no case shall the maximum
pressure of an old/existing boiler be
increased to a greater pressure than
would be allowed for a new boiler of
same construction.
9. Each boiler shall have at least one
safety valve. For boilers having more
than 46 sqm pressure of water heating
surface or a generating capacity
exceeding 907 kg per hour, two (2) or
more safety valves shall be required.

10. Each boiler shall have a steam
gauge, with a dial range of not less
than 1-1/2 times and not more than
2.1 General
twice the maximum allowable
2.2 Refrigeration working pressure. It may be
Cycle connected to the steam space or to
the steam connection to the water
2.3 Types of Air- column.
Conditioning Systems
11. Whenever repairs/replacements
2.4 Air-Conditioning
are made on fittings or appliances,
Equipment
the work shall comply with the
2.5 Heating Systems section on New Installation of the
Philippine Mechanical Engineering
2.6 Provisions in the Code.
NBC Concerning
HVAC 12. After a permit has been granted
to install a boiler/pressure
vessel/pressurized water heater
upon payment of the installation fees
thereof, it shall be the duty of the
Building Official to make periodic
inspection of the installation to
determine compliance with the
approved plans and specifications.
2.0 HVAC
13. Upon the completion of the
installation, the Building Official shall
conduct an inspection and test, after
which a certificate of operation for a
period not exceeding one year shall be
issued upon payment of the required
inspection fees.
14. The Building Official shall notify the
owner in writing of the intended date of
the annual inspection at least 15 days in
advance. However, the owner may
request a postponement in writing of said
inspection and the Building Official shall
fix a date for inspection agreeable to
both, but not to exceed 30 days from the
intended date.
15. The owner or user of a boiler shall
prepare the same for inspection by
cooling it down blanking off all
connections to adjacent boilers, removing
all soot and ashes from tubes, heads,
shell, furnace and combustion chamber.
The owner shall assist the Building
Official by providing all labor and
equipment required during said
inspection.

2.6.3 Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning
2.1 General 1. The temperature and humidity of
the air to be used for comfortable
2.2 Refrigeration cooling shall be maintained at 68-74ºF
Cycle
effective temperature at an air
movement from 4.57 to 7.60 MPM
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems
within the living zone.
2.4 Air-Conditioning 2. Water from evaporators,
Equipment condensers and other machinery shall
be properly collected into a suitable
2.5 Heating Systems water or drainage system.
2.6 Provisions in the 3. Ducts shall be constructed entirely
NBC Concerning of non-combustible materials such as
HVAC steel, iron, aluminum or other
approved materials. Only fire
retardant lining shall be used on the
inside of ducts.
4. Access doors shall be provided at
all automatic dampers, fire dampers,
thermostats and other apparatus
requiring service and inspection in the
duct system.
2.0 HVAC
5. Where ducts pass thru walls, floors
or partitions, the space around the
duct shall be sealed with fire resistant
material equivalent to that of the wall,
floor or partition, to prevent the
passage of flame or smoke.
6. When ducts or the outlets or inlets
to them pass through fire walls, they
shall be provided with automatic fire
dampers on both sides of the fire wall
through which they pass.
7. Fire doors and fire dampers shall
be arranged to close automatically and
remain tightly closed, upon the
operation of a fusible link or other
approved heat actuated device,
located where readily affected by an
abnormal rise of temperature in the
duct.

8. Each refrigerating system shall be
provided with a legible metal sign
permanently attached and easily
2.1 General accessible, indicating thereon the
name of manufacturer or installer, kind
2.2 Refrigeration and total number of kgs of refrigerant
Cycle
contained in the system and field test
pressure applied.
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems
9. In refrigerating plants of more than
2.4 Air-Conditioning 45 kg refrigerant, masks and helmets
Equipment shall be used. These shall be kept in
a suitable cabinet outside the machine
2.5 Heating Systems room when not in use.
2.6 Provisions in the 10. Not more than 136 kgs of
NBC Concerning refrigerant in approved containers
HVAC shall be stored in a machine room at
any given time.
11. Where ammonia is used, the
discharge may be into a tank of water,
which shall be used for no other
purpose except ammonia absorption.
At least one gallon of water shall be
provided for every 0.4536 kg of
ammonia in the system.
2.0 HVAC
12. Refrigerant piping crossing a
passageway in any building shall not be
less than 2.3 m above the floor.
13. In a refrigerating system containing
more than 9 kgs, stop valves shall be
installed in inlets and outlets of
compressors, outlets of liquid receivers,
and in liquid and suction branch header.
14. Window type ACs shall be provided
with drain pipe or plastic tubing for
discharging condensate water into a
suitable container.
15. Window type AC installed on ground
floors of buildings shall not be less than
2.13 m from the ground.
16. Window type ACs shall be provided
with exhaust ducts if the exhaust is
discharged into corridors/hallways/
arcades/sidewalks etc.
17. Window type ACs installed along
corridors/hallways/above the first floor
shall not be less than 2.13 m above the
floor level.
 2.0 HVAC
2.6.4 Piping 7. Piping carrying steam, hot water of hot
liquids shall not be embedded in concrete
walls or floors and shall be properly
1. Piping shall, as much as possible, run
2.1 General insulated to prevent accidental scalding
parallel to building walls.
to persons and to minimize heat loss.
2.2 Refrigeration
2. Grouped piping shall be supported on
Cycle 8. Color coding of piping shall be as
racks, on either horizontal or vertical
follows:
planes.
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems a) Steam Division
3. Piping on racks shall have sufficient
High Pressure- White
space for pipe or chain wrenches so that
2.4 Air-Conditioning Exhaust System – Buff
any single line can be
Equipment b) Water Division
altered/repaired/replaced without
Fresh water, low pressure – Blue
disturbing the rest.
2.5 Heating Systems Fresh water, high pressure – Blue
Salt water piping – Green
4. Piping 100mm in diameter and above
2.6 Provisions in the c) Oil Division
shall be flanged. Smaller sized pipes
NBC Concerning Delivery – Brass or Bronze
may be screwed.
HVAC Discharge – Yellow
d) Pneumatic Division
5. Piping subjected to varying
All piping – Gray
temperatures shall be provided with
e) Gas Division
expansion joints.
All piping – Black
f) Fuel Oil Division
6. Galvanized piping shall not be used
All piping – Black
for steam.
g) Refrigerating Division
Pipes – Black
Fittings – Black
2.0 HVAC
2.0 HVAC
2.0 HVAC
 2.0 HVAC

refrigeration
HEATING,
VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING

END