Section

1.1 Introduction to Graphing

1.2 Functions and Graphs
1.3 Linear Functions, Slope, and Applications
1.4 Equations of Lines and Modeling
1.5 Linear Equations, Functions, Zeros and Applications
1.6 Solving Linear Inequalities

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 1.1
Introduction to Graphing
 Plot points.
 Determine whether an ordered pair is a solution of an
equation.
 Find the x-and y-intercepts of an equation of the form
Ax + By = C.
 Graph equations.
 Find the distance between two points in the plane and find the
midpoint of a segment.
 Find an equation of a circle with a given center and radius, and
given an equation of a circle in standard form, find the center and
the radius.
 Graph equations of circles.
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Cartesian Coordinate System

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Example
To graph or plot a point, the first coordinate tells us
to move left or right from the origin. The second
coordinate tells us to move up or down.
(–3, 5)
Plot (3, 5).
Move 3 units left.
Next, we move 5 units up.
Plot the point.

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Solutions of Equations

Equations in two variables have solutions (x, y)

that are ordered pairs.

Example: 2x + 3y = 18

When an ordered pair is substituted into the

equation, the result is a true equation. The ordered
pair has to be a solution of the equation to receive
a true statement.
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Examples
a. b.
Determine whether the Determine whether the
ordered pair (5, 7) is a ordered pair (3, 4) is a
solution of 2x + 3y = 18. solution of 2x + 3y = 18.

2(5) + 3(7) ? 18 2(3) + 3(4) ? 18

10 + 21 ? 18 6 + 12 ? 18
11 = 18 18 = 18
FALSE TRUE
(5, 7) is not a solution. (3, 4) is a solution.

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Graphs of Equations

To graph an equation is to make a drawing

that represents the solutions of that equation.

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 x-Intercept

The point at which the graph crosses the x-axis.

An x-intercept is a point (a, 0). To find a, let y = 0 and

solve for x.

Example: Find the x-intercept of 2x + 3y = 18.

2x + 3(0) = 18
2x = 18
x=9
The x-intercept is (9, 0).

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y-Intercept

The point at which the graph crosses the y-axis.

A y-intercept is a point (0, b). To find b, let x = 0 and

solve for y.

Example: Find the y-intercept of 2x + 3y = 18.

2(0) + 3y = 18
3y = 18
y=6
The y-intercept is (0, 6).
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Example
Graph 2x + 3y = 18.
We already found the x-intercept: (9, 0)
We already found the y-intercept: (0, 6)
We find a third solution as a check. If x is replaced
with 5, then
2  5  3y  18
10  3y  18
3y  8
8
y
 8 3
Thus,  5,  is a solution.
 3
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Example (continued)
Graph:
2x + 3y = 18.
x-intercept:
(9, 0)
y-intercept:
(0, 6)
Third point:
 8
 5, 
 3

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Example
Graph y = x2 – 9x – 12 .
Make a table of values.
x y (x, y)
3 24 (3, 24)
1 –2 (1, –2)
0 12 (0, 12)
2 26 (2, 26)
4 32 (4, 32)
5 32 (5, 32)
10 –2 (10, –2)
12 24 (12, 24)
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The Distance Formula
The distance d between any two points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
d  (x2  x1 )2  (y2  y1 )2 .

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 Example

Find the distance between the points (–2, 2) and

(3, 6).

d  (3  2 )2  (6  2)2

d  5 2  (8)2  25  64

d  89  9.4

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Midpoint Formula

If the endpoints of a segment are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2),

then the coordinates of the midpoint are

 x1  x2 y1  y2 
 , .
 2 2 

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Example

Find the midpoint of a segment whose endpoints are

(4, 2) and (2, 5).
 4  2 2  5 
 , 
 2 2 
 2 3 
 , 
 2 2

 3
 1, 
 2

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Circles

A circle is the set of all points in a plane that

are a fixed distance r from a center (h, k).

The equation of a circle with center (h, k) and

radius r, in standard form, is
(x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2.

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Example

Find an equation of a circle having radius 5

and center (3, 7).

Using the standard form, we have

(x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2
[x  3]2 + [y  (7)]2 = 52
(x  3)2 + (y + 7)2 = 25.

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