ASST. PROF.ARCHANA.

H
 Elevators

Brief History of Elevators

In 1872, Otis Brothers, as it was then called,
introduced a roped hydraulic elevator
capable of operating at speeds up to 600
feet per minute, much faster than
conventional steam-powered hoisting
rope-type lifts.

These elevators also overcame the

limitation of the drum type with a limited
rise capability at about the same time the
brothers designed a governor-operated
safety device capable of bringing the high-
speed car to a gradual stop in an
emergency.
1. Definition:
Electrical elevator is a permanent lifting equipment serving two or
more landing levels, including a car for transportation of passengers
and/or goods, running at least partially between rigid guide rails,
either vertical or inclined to the vertical by less than 15°.
2. Classification: Electrical elevators may be classified according to several
characteristics. The most important characteristic of an elevator is its drive
method, with different design principles and different elevator component
construction.
Classification from this aspect is as follows:
A) Electrical elevators (traction elevator):
i) MR (Machine room) Elevators.
ii) MRL (Machine room less) Elevators.

B) Hydraulic elevators:
Both of the previous types are intended to transport:
• Persons • Persons and goods • Goods only.
Electrical elevator components:

The main parts of traction elevators are:

1. Suspension means for car and counterweight,
which are represented by steel wire ropes.
2. Driving machine, which is the power unit,
consisting of: -
• Electrical motor.
• Brake.
•Traction sheave.
•Couplings,
•shafts,
•journals and bearings.
•Machine frame (bed plate).
3. Car, which carries passengers and/or goods. It is
composed of the sling, a metal framework connected
to the means of suspension and the elevator cabin. Its
mechanical accessories are: -
•Guide shoes (sliding or roller type).
•Rope attachments (1:1 suspension).
•Diverting pulleys (2:1) suspension.
•Safety gear.
•
4. Counterweight for balancing the mass of the complete car
and a portion of rated load.

5. Elevator well (hoist-way), the space completely or partially

enclosed, extending from the pit floor to the roof, in which
the car and the counterweight, if there is one, travels. It is
equipped with guide rails for both the car and
counterweight, landing doors and buffers in the pit.

6. Safety gear, a mechanical device for stopping and holding

the car or counterweight on guide rails in the event of
breakage, slackening of suspension ropes or if the speed of
the descending car exceeds the rated speed by a
predetermined value. The braking action of the safety gear is
initiated by the overspeed governor, usually located in the
machine room.

7. Buffers representing a resilient stop beyond the normal

bottom limit of the car or counterweight travel. They may be
of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed and
are designed store (accumulate) or dissipate the kinetic
energy of the car or counterweight.

8. Electrical installation including electrical safety device and

lighting.

9. Control system.
 Machine Drive Over speed governor
Control cabinet

The following figure shows a

schematic drawing of
electrical elevator and its
main components. Elevator Car

Apron
Counterweight Guide rail
Guide rail fixing bracket
Landing door
Car Guide rail

Counterweight frame

Tension Pulley

Counterweight buffer

Car Buffer
CW = Car Width.
CD = Car Depth.
DO = Door Opening.
SW = Shaft Width. − SD = Shaft Depth.
Q = Rated Load.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Major Components
• Machine Room
• Car
• Hoistway/Pits

Machine rooms for traction elevators generally

located directly above the hoistway. Hydraulic
elevator machine rooms typically located at the
basement or lowest level adjacent to the hoistway.
 Hydraulic Elevators

Telescoping Plunger

Above-Ground
Cylinder
Hydraulic Tank /
Controller

Car Buffer
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Machine Room
• Hoist Machine
Can be geared traction machines
in which the power from the
motor is transmitted to the drive
sheave through reduction gears,
or a gearless machine in which
the hoist ropes pass over a
traction drive sheave which is an
integral part of the armature.
The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which
the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and
counterweight by the hoist ropes.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Machine Room
• Hoist Machine
• Hoist Motor

Also called drive machines and

used for traction elevators.
They are the power units that
apply the energy to the hoist
machines. Can be AC or DC.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Machine Room
• Hoist Machine
• Hoist Motor
• Generator
Generators are electro-
mechanical devices that
convert mechanical energy
to electrical energy (usually
direct current).
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Machine Room
• Hoist Machine
• Hoist Motor
• Generator
• Governor

A mechanical speed control mechanism. Usually a wire-rope driven

centrifugal device used to stop and hold the movement of its driving
rope. This initiates the activation of the car safety device. It opens a
switch which cuts off power to the drive motor and brake if the car
travels at a preset overspeed in the down direction.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Machine Room
• Hoist Machine
• Hoist Motor
• Generator
• Governor
• Controllers

A device, or group of devices, which serve to control, in a

predetermined manner, the floor selection, drive speeds, car
selection and general operation of the elevators.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Machine Room
• Hoist Machine
• Hoist Motor
• Generator
• Governor
• Controllers
• Disconnects
Switches to disconnect the power to the controller and cab lights and
located in the machine room.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Hoistway / Pits
• Roller Guides

Roller guides or guide rails are

steel T-section with machined
guiding surfaces installed
vertically in a hoistway to guide
and direct the course of travel
of an elevator car and elevator
counterweights.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Hoistway / Pits
• Roller Guides
• Counterweights

A weight that counter-balances the

weight of an elevator car plus
approximately 40% of the capacity
load.
Elevator Components & Descriptions

Hoistway / Pits
• Roller Guides
• Counterweights
• Door Interlocks

An electro-mechanical device that prevents operation of an elevator

unless the hoistway doors are in the closed and locked position; and
prevents opening of a hoistway door from the landing side unless the
elevator is in the landing zone and is either stopped or being stopped.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Hoistway / Pits
• Roller Guides
• Counterweights
• Door Interlocks
• Top-of-Car Station

Controls on the top of the car used by an elevator maintenance

contractor to operate the car at inspection speed. It provides a
means of operating an elevator from on top of the car at slow speed
during adjustment, inspection, maintenance and repair.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Hoistway / Pits
• Roller Guides
• Counterweights
• Door Interlocks
• Top of Car Station
• Buffers
A device designed to stop a descending car beyond its normal limit
of travel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic
energy of the car. Spring buffers are used for elevators with speeds
less than 200 fpm. Oil buffers (for speeds greater than 200 fpm) use a
combination of oil and spring to cushion the elevator.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Elevator Cabs
• Car Finishes

Decorative features in a
passenger elevator including
carpet or other flooring, wall
panels, door finishes, ceilings
and lighting.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Elevator Cabs
• Cab Finishes
• Cab Controls
• Safety Features
 Phones
 Door Safety Edges
Two way communication devices in the
cab required by ADA and national
elevator codes for safety.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Elevator Cabs
• Cab Finishes
• Cab Controls
• Safety Features
 Phones
 Door Safety Edges

A door protective and automatic door reopening device, used with

automatic power door operators.
 Elevators

Elevator Components & Descriptions

Elevator Cabs
• Cab Finishes
• Cab Controls
• Safety Features
 Phones The Door Operator monitors
the speed and position of the
 Door Safety Edges car doors and compares
• Door Operators performance against standards.
Deviations in kinetic energy
during door travel is corrected
within milliseconds.
 Escalators

Definition
A moving staircase for carrying people between floors
of a building which consists of a motor-driven chain
of individual, linked steps that move up or down on
tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Most applications include department stores,

airports, shopping malls, convention centers, hotels,
and public buildings

One of the largest, most expensive machines people

use on a regular basis, but also one of the simplest.
 Escalators

Benefits
• Have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and
they can be placed in the same physical space as one might
install a staircase.

• Have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic)

• They can be used to guide people toward main exits or

special exhibits, and may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

• Escalator speeds vary from 90 – 180 ft per minute, an

escalator moving 145 per minute can carry more that 10,000
people in an hour
 Escalators

word History
• Began as an amusement and not for
practical transport

• First patent awarded in 1859 for a

steam generated unit, used as an
amusement ride in Coney Island

• Named Escalator by Charles

Seeberger in 1897 by combining the
latin word for steps “scala” and
elevator

•Charles Seeberger sold rights to Otis

Elevator Company in 1902 which is
currently the dominant player in the
industry
Escalators
 Escalators

Basic Operating Guidelines -Escalators

Regularly (at least monthly) apply a silicone friction reducer on skirt
panels
Document any unusual noises or vibrations.
Remove any debris
Monitor for broken comb teeth
Always remove the start-up key from the "on” direction.
If an escalator or moving walkway makes an automatic emergency
stop, perform a detailed equipment check before returning to
operation.
Do not permit overloading of passengers or freight.
Do not permit the use of an inoperative escalator as a stairway
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