Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EE362L, Spring 2009 DC DC Buck Converter
EE362L, Spring 2009 DC DC Buck Converter
1
Note - Helper
However, a lack of the symbol in one slide does not imply that
there is no important material or concept in the slides or that
the slide does not need to be studied. Slides without the
symbol still need to be studied and could be necessary to
solve problems in exams.
2
!
Objective – to efficiently reduce DC voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer
Iin Iout
+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout
− −
Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout and
Vout I in
Vin I out
3
Here is an example of an inefficient DC−DC
converter
R1 The load
+ +
Vin R2 Vout
− −
R2
Vout Vin
R1 R2
R2 Vout
R1 R2 Vin
Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc
5
Taken from “Course Overview” PPT
L
Try adding an L to prevent the huge
current spike. But now, if the L has
+
current when the switch attempts to
39Vdc C Rstereo open, the inductor’s current momentum
– and resulting Ldi/dt burns out the switch.
lossless
L
By adding a “free wheeling” diode, the
+ switch can open and the inductor current
39Vdc C Rstereo can continue to flow. With high-
– frequency switching, the load voltage
ripple can be reduced to a small value.
A DC-DC Buck Converter
6
!
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
Now, an inductor
!
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating in
periodic steady state. The governing equation is
t
di ( t ) 1 o t
v(t ) L
dt
which leads to i ( t ) i ( to )
L v ( t )dt
to
v(t ) 0, v1 ( t ) v2 ( t ) v3 ( t ) v N ( t ) 0
Around loop
t t t t t
1 o T 1 o T 1 o T 1 o T 1 o T
T T T T T
v1 ( t )dt v2 ( t )dt v3 ( t )dt v N ( t )dt (0)dt 0
to to to to to
i (t ) 0, i1 ( t ) i2 ( t ) i3 ( t ) i N ( t ) 0
Out of node
10
Buck converter
!
• Assume large C so that
+ vL –
Vout has very low ripple
iL Iout
iin
L +
• Since V
Vin C Vout out has very low
iC
– ripple, then assume Iout
has very low ripple
L +
Vin C Vout
0A
–
11
The input/output equation for DC-DC converters
usually comes by examining inductor voltages
+ (Vin – Vout) –
iin iL Iout
L +
Switch closed for Vin Vout
C
DT seconds (iL – Iout) –
– Vout +
iL Iout
L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –
13
!
Since the average voltage across L is zero
diL Vout
Switch open, vL Vout ,
dt L
DT (1 − D)T
T
15
Effect of raising and lowering Iout while
holding Vin, Vout, f, and L constant
iL
ΔI
Raise Iout
ΔI
Lower Iout
ΔI
• ΔI is unchanged
Lower f
Raise f
iL
Lower L
Raise L
18
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
T 2 2T2
2 1 V V 2 V 3T
Vrms t dt t dt t
T T 3 3 0
0 T 0 3T
V
Vrms
3
19
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
V V 0
0 0 -V
V V V
0 0 0
V
V
Vrms
0 3
20
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
i (t )
the ripple
Imax Imin
i (t )
Imax 0
I avg
Imin
= +
the minimum value
Imin
I avg
Imax Imin
2 0
21
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
2
I rms
I max I min 2
2I
I max I min I 2
min min
3 2
2
2 I PP 2
I rms I min I PP I min
3
22
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
2 2
2 I PP I PP I PP
I rms I avg I PP I avg
3 2 2
2 2 2
2 I PP I PP 2 I PP
I rms I avg I PP I avg I avg I PP
3 2 4
2 2 I avg
I max I min
2
I rms
I PP
I PP 2
I avg i (t ) 2
3 4
I avg I PP I max I min
2
2 2 I PP
I rms I avg
12
23
Inductor current rating
2
I Lrms 2
I avg
1 2
12
2
I pp I out
1
12
I 2
1
2
I Lrms 2
I out 2I out 2 4 I out
2
12 3
Use max
2
I Lrms I out
3
24
Capacitor current and current rating
iL Iout
L
C
(iL – Iout)
1 I
2
I Crms 2
I avg 2 I out 2 02 1 I out
2
I Crms out
12 3 3
25
MOSFET and diode currents and current ratings
iL Iout
iin
L
C
(iL – Iout)
2Iout
Iout
0
2Iout
Iout
0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms I out
3
26
!
Worst-case load ripple voltage
iC = (iL – Iout)
Iout C charging
0
T/2
−Iout
During the charging period, the C voltage moves from the min to the max.
The area of the triangle shown above gives the peak-to-peak ripple voltage.
1 T
Q 2 2 I out T I out I out
V
C C 4C 4Cf
Switch Open L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–
28
• Capacitor, use 1.5Vout
!
There is a 3rd state – discontinuous
Iout
MOSFET
L +
Vin C Vout
DIODE Iout –
29
Inductor voltage showing oscillation during
discontinuous current operation
vL = (Vin – Vout)
Switch
closed
vL = –Vout
Switch open
Vout Vout 1 D
2 I out 1 D T
Lonset Lonset f
Vout 1 D
Lonset
2 I out f
Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D → 0),
use max
Vout
L guarantees continuous conduction
2 I out f
use min 31
Impedance matching !
+ +
DC−DC Buck V
Source Rload out
Vin Converter Vout = DVin I out
− −
Iin
+
Equivalent from Requiv
Vin source perspective
−
Vout So, the buck converter
V D Vout R makes the load
Requiv in load resistance look larger
I in I out D I out D 2 D2 to the source 32
Example of drawing maximum power from
solar panel
6
Pmax is approx. 130W
Isc 5 (occurs at 29V, 4.5A)
4
For max power from
I - amps
33
Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only 55W !
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
6 55W
130W
5
or
4
ist
I - amps
res
3
2Ω
4Ω or
2
. 4
6 s is t
1 re
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts
+ vL –
iL Iout
ipanel
L +
Vpanel C Vout
iC
–
35
BUCK DESIGN
Our L. 100µH, 9A
Our C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
36
BUCK DESIGN
1500µF 50kHz
Our L. 100µH, 9A
Our C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
37
BUCK DESIGN
2A 50kHz
Our L. 100µH, 9A
Our C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
38