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𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑒𝑎
  𝐴 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑦 𝑟 =𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( 𝐴 ) , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

1¿
   𝐷𝑖𝑚 ( 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 )= 𝑟
2¿
   𝐷𝑖𝑚 ( 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 ) =𝑟

 𝑁 𝑜𝑡𝑎 :𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 3 𝑥 7 𝑦𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜2 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 :


 𝐸 𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑅 7 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟
 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑠 2

 𝐸 𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟


 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑠 2

3  ¿ 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑊 𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑊 ⊥ 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴


 𝐷𝑖𝑚 (𝑊 )+ 𝐷𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑊 ⊥ ) =𝑁 ú 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴
 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴 ,𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 h𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛

  1 3 1 −2 −4

] [ ]
  2 −1 0 1 2

[
1 3 1 −2 −4 2 −1 0 1 2
𝐴= 3 2 1 −1 −2 𝑓 1↔𝑓 2 3 2 1 −1 −2
7 7 3 −4 −8 7 7 3 −4 −8
1 −4 −1 −1 −2 1 −4 −1 −1 −2

  1 3 1 −2 −4   1 3 1 −2 −4

[ ] [ ]
𝑓 2=𝑓 2 − 2 𝑓 1
0 −7 −2 5 10 𝑓 3= 𝑓 3 − 𝑓 2 0 −7 −2 5 10
𝑓 3=𝑓 3 − 3 𝑓 1
0 −7 −2 5 10 𝑓 4=𝑓 4 − 2 𝑓 2 0 0 0 0 0
𝑓 4=𝑓 4 −7 𝑓 1
0 − 14 −4 10 20 𝑓 5= 𝑓 5 − 𝑓 2 0 0 0 0 0
𝑓 5=𝑓 5 − 𝑓 1
0 −7 −2 1 2 0 0 0 −4 −8
  1 3 1 −2 −4

[
0
𝑓 3↔𝑓 5 0
0
0
−7
0
0
0
−2
0
0
0
5
−4
0
0
10
−8
0
0
]
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔
  ( 𝐴 )=3
𝑈𝑛𝑎
  𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 : { ( 1,3,1 , −2 ,− 4 ) , ( 0 ,−7 ,− 2,5,10 ) , ( 0,0,0 ,− 4 , − 8 ) }
𝐿𝑎
  𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠 : 3
 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑 : 𝑆𝑖 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐵 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
  𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( 𝐵𝐴 )=𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔( 𝐴)

𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜
 
𝐷𝑒𝑙
  𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
  2 −1 0 1 2 1 3 1 −2 −4
1
𝐴= 3
7
1
[ 3
2
7
−4
1
1
3
−1
−2
−1
−4
−1
−4
−2
−8
−2
] [ 0
𝑂. 𝐸.𝐹 . 0
0
0
−7
0
0
0
−2
0
0
0
5
−4
0
0
10
−8
0
0
]
𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑖
  ó 𝑛 : 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 :
  1 3 1 −2 −4 1 −4 −1 −6 − 12

[ ][ ]
  0 −7 −2 5 10 0 −7 −2 5 10
𝐵 0 0 0 −4 −8 = 0 0 0 −4 −8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

𝑈𝑛𝑎
  𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 : { ( 1 , −4 ,− 1 ,− 6 ,− 12 ) , ( 0 , −7 ,− 2,5,10 ) , ( 0,0,0 ,− 4 , − 8 ) }
𝐿𝑎
  𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠 : 3
 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴 , 𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 h𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛
  2 −1 0 1 2
 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴= { 𝑥 ,𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑥=0 } 1
𝐴= 3
7
1
[ 3
2
7
−4
1
1
3
−1
−2
−1
−4
−1
−4
−2
−8
−2
] 1 3 1 −2 −4
    2 −1 0 1 2   1 3 1 −2 −4  
1
𝐴= 3
7
1
[ 3
2
7
−4
1
1
3
−1
−2
−1
−4
−1
−4
−2
−8
−2
][ 0
0
0
0
−7
0
0
0
−2
0
0
0
] [
5
−4
0
0
10
− 8 𝑓 3=
0
0
𝑓3
−4
0
0
0
0
−7
0
0
0
−2
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
10
2
0
0
]
  1 3 1 0 0   1 0 1/ 7 0 0
𝑓 1= 𝑓 1+2 𝑓 3
𝑓 2= 𝑓 2 −5 𝑓 3
0
0
0
0
[ −7
0
0
0
−2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
] 3
7
0
𝑓 1=𝑓 1+ 𝑓 2 0
0
0
[ ]−7
0
0
0
−2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
  OEF A’ Matriz Escalonada

(  𝑧=7 𝑡 𝑦 𝑣 =𝑘 )
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛
  𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 : 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 , 𝑢 , 𝑣   −1 0

[][ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
 𝑥 − 𝑧/7 −𝑡
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 3 : 𝑢+2 𝑣=0→ 𝑢=−2 𝑣 𝑦 −2 𝑧 / 7 −2 𝑡 −2 0
  ¿𝑡 1 +𝑘 0
𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑡
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎
  2 : −7 𝑦 − 2 𝑧 =0 → 𝑦=−2 𝑧 / 7 𝑢 −2𝑣 −2 𝑘 0 −2
0 1
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎
  1: 𝑥 + 𝑧 / 7=0 → 𝑥=− 𝑧 / 7 𝑣 𝑣 𝑘

𝑈𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
  𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 : { ( −1 , −2,1,0,0 ) , ( 0,0,0 , −2,1 ) }
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛:
 
 


𝑊
  𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑊 ⊥ :
{ ( −1 , −2,1,0,0 ) , ( 0,0,0 , −2,1 ) }
 𝐷𝑖𝑚 (𝑊 )+ 𝐷𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑊 ⊥ ) =dim ( 𝑅 5 )
  3 + 2= 5
 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴 𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴

  2 −1 0 1 2   2 1 3 7 1
1
𝐴= 3
7
1
[ 3
2
7
−4
1
1
3
−1
−2
−1
−4
−1
−4
−2
−8
−2
] [𝑡
−1
→𝐴 = 0
1
2
3
1
−2
−4
2
1
−1
−2
7
3
−4
−8
−4
−1
−1
−2
]
  1 −2 −1 −4 −1 1 −2 −1 −4 −1

→ 𝐴𝑡
−1
𝑓 1↔𝑓 4 0
2
2
[ 3
1
1
−4
2
1
3
−2
7
3
7
−8
−4
−1
1
−2
] 𝑓 2= 𝑓 2+𝑓 1 0
𝑓 4= 𝑓 4 − 2 𝑓 1 0
𝑓 5= 𝑓 5 − 2 𝑓 1 0
0
[ 1
1
5
0
1
1
5
0
3
3
15
0
−5
−1
3
0
]
  1 −2 −1 −4 −1   1 −2 −1 −4 −1
𝑓 3=𝑓 3 − 𝑓 2
𝑓 4=𝑓 4 − 5 𝑓 2

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔
 
0
0
0
0

( 𝐴 𝑡 ) =3
[ 1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
−5
4
28
0
] 𝑓 4=𝑓 4 − 7 𝑓 3
[ 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
−5
4
0
0
]
𝑈𝑛𝑎
  𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 : {( 1 , −2 , −1 , −4 ,− 1 ) , ( 0 , 1,1,3 , −5 ) , ( 0,0,0 , 0,4 ) }
𝐿𝑎
  𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 ó 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑠 : 3
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜
  𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴

  OEF E Matriz Escalonada

  1 −2 −1 −4 −1

𝐴
𝑡

[ 0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
−5
4
0 ]  𝑥
𝑥=3
  𝑧 − 2𝑢
3 𝑧 − 2𝑢 3 −2

[][ ] [ ] [ ]
0 0 0 0 0
𝑦 − 𝑧 −3 𝑢 −1 −3
𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑧 1 +𝑢 0
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛
  𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 : 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 , 𝑢 , 𝑣 𝑢 𝑢 0 1
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 3 : 4 𝑣=0 → 𝑣=0 𝑣 0 0 0
 
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎
  2 : 𝑦+ 𝑧 +3 𝑢 −5 𝑣 =0
 𝑦+ 𝑧 +3 𝑢 −5(0)=0
 𝑦=− 𝑧 −3 𝑢
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎
  1: 𝑥 −2 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 4 𝑢 − 𝑣=0

 𝑥 − 2 ( − 𝑧 − 3 𝑢 ) − 𝑧 − 4 𝑢 −(0)= 0
𝑈𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
  𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 :
{ ( 3 , −1,1,0,0 ) , ( −2 , −3,0,1,0 ) }

 𝐴5 𝑥5

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛:
 
 

⊥ ⊥
𝑉
  𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑉 :
{  {( 3 , −1,1,0,0 ) , ( −2 , −3,0,1,0 ) } }
 𝐷𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑉 ) + 𝐷𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑉 ⊥ )=dim ( 𝑅 5 )
  3 + 2= 5

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