Unit 13.

1
Introduction to APA 7th Style
 Introduction
The American Psychological Association (APA)
citation style is the most commonly used format for
academic
writing in the social sciences.
It provides guidelines for:
• Writing Style
• Formatting
• In-text and End-text References
 Writing Style in APA 7th Style
APA 7th Style recommends that language used in academic
writing should be:
• Clear
• Concise
• Plain
• Unbiased
• Correct
 Unit 13.2
Formatting Documents in APA 7th Style
 Formatting Documents in APA 7th Style

The documents produced in APA 7th Style should:

• be typed in a word processing software
• be double-spaced
• have 1 inch margin on all four sides of the page
• use 10 -12 point font size
• use a standard font style, such as Times New Roman,
Calibri or Arial.
 APA 7th Style Formatting Guidelines

• include a title page

• include the page number in the upper right corner
• computerized content list
• properly format the tables and figures
• use five levels of heading
• a running head in professional papers
 Paragraphing

Paragraphs needs to be indented 0.5 inches.

The paragraphs should not be justified.

Title Page in Student Papers
Title Page in Professional Papers
 Running Head in Professional Papers

Professional papers writing in APA style require a running

head, which is not included in student papers. The running
head includes the shortened title of the paper in capital
letters which is flushed left.
 Headings in APA 7th Style
APA Headings
Level Format
1 Centered, Bold, Title Case Headings
Text begins a new paragraph
2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph
3 Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph
4 Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Period.
Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
Formatting Tables
Formatting Figures
 Unit 13.3
Narrative & Parenthetical Style
source: https://pediaa.com/difference-between-citation-and-reference/
Citations or in-text Citations?
Citations appear in the body of your paper and point your
reader to your references. For that reason, we also call them
in-text citations. They are also sometimes simply called
cites.

We include them in a paper to support our claims and/or to

provide the sources for paraphrases and direct quotations.
In-Text Citation: Parenthetical Style
In-text citations follow either a parenthetical format or a
narrative format.

A parenthetical citation includes the author’s last name and year

of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the
end of the sentence.

Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource

for students (Atkins, 2018).
In-Text Citation: Narrative Style
A narrative citation includes the author’s name in the sentence, with
the year of publication directly following the author’s last name.

Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource

for students.

Note: We typically use parenthetical citations more frequently than the

narrative style.
Parenthetical In-Text Citation: Page Numbers
If the source you are citing includes page numbers, add that
information to your citation.

For a parenthetical citation, the page number follows the year of

publication, separated by a comma, and with a lowercase p and a
period before the number (p.).

Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for

students (Atkins, 2018, p. 12).
Parenthetical In-text Citation:No Page Numbers
When citing a text with no page numbers in parenthetical
citations, use any of the following four methods:
•List the heading or section name
One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in
a number of ways” (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale section).
•List the paragraph number
One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body
out in a number of ways” (London, 2019, para. 2).
Parenthetical In-text Citation:No Page Numbers
•List an abbreviated heading or section name in quotation marks (if
the heading is too long)
One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out
in a number of ways” (London, 2019, “Health benefits” section).

•List the heading or section name and the paragraph number

One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out
in a number of ways” (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale
section, para. 2).
 Unit 13.4
Direct Quotations
In-Text Citation: Quotations
When you quote from a source, your paper will flow better if you
integrate the quote into a sentence. Every direct quotation citation
should be incorporated into the paragraph with quotation marks.
This means every direct quotation should have the following:

Author, Year of publication, Page (p.) or paragraph (para.) number

and Quotation marks
These are called integrated quotations.
In-Text Citation: Signal Words/Phrases
A signal phrase lets your reader know that you are paraphrasing,
summarizing or quoting an idea from someone else's work. It helps
to marks the boundaries between source materials and your words.

Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:

According to Reynolds (2019), “….” (p. 3).

Reynolds (2019) argued that “……” (p. 3).
In-Text Citation: Signal Words/Phrases
Use signal verbs such as:

acknowledged, contended, maintained,

responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in

signal phrases when they discuss past events.
In-Text Citation: Quotations
When using the parenthetical citation, include the author, date of
publication, and page number at the end of the quotation.

As scientific knowledge advances, “the application of CRISPR

technology to improve human health is being explored across public
and private sectors”(Hong, 2018, p. 503).
In-Text Citation: Quotations
You may wish to omit some of the author’s original words that are
not relevant to your writing. In this case, use three dots (...) to
indicate where you have omitted words. If you omit any of the
author’s original words, make sure you do not change the meaning.

He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... Disappeared when behaviors

were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not
clarify which behaviors were studied.
In-Text Citation: Block Quotations
Block quotes are used for direct quotations that are longer than
40 words. The entire block quotation is indented 0.5 inches, the
same as the indentation for a new paragraph and do not include
quotation marks.
Include the page number at the end of your block quote outside
of the ending period. Also include the author's last name, date of
publication, and page number(s)/paragraph number.
Note that block quotations should be used sparingly.
 In-Text Citation: Block Quotation (example)
Cyber threats are not the only challenge to cloud computing:
While security has been a major topic of interest, reliability is a
much bigger concern. Cloud computing is based on Internet access,
so a fast and constant Internet connection is critical to cloud
Computing solutions. Therefore, it is imperative to ensure that the
enterprise’s connectivity to the Internet is well-established. (Lyoob,
Rossetti, & Chen, 2013, pp. 35-36). 
 Unit 13.5
Paraphrased Citations
In-Text Citation: Summary or Paraphrase
Follow the same guidelines for parenthetical citation when
summarizing or paraphrasing a longer chunk of text.

Parenthetical citation:
In one study that consisted of 467 young adults, it was found
that social media use may not directly affect mental health; rather,
it depends on how young adults use social media (Berryman,
Ferguson, & Negy, 2018).
In-Text Citation: Two or More Works
When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works:

•Order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the
author’s name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon.

Several studies on Earthquakes have been conducted in the recent

decades (Adams, 2018; Collins, 2017).
 In-Text Citation: With Two or More Authors
When citing a work with two authors:

•In the parenthetical citation, use “&” between names

When examining potential climate threats, “Understanding the
occurrence and impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical to
better interpret current hazard trends” (Depietri & McPhearson,
2018, p. 96).
In-Text Citation: With Unknown Author
When citing a work with an unknown author:

Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in
the parenthetical citation.

(“Here’s,” 2018)
In-Text Citation: Works with 3+ Authors
When citing a work with three or more authors:
list the name of the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.

Lin et. al (2019) examined how weather conditions affect the

popularity of the bike sharing program in Beijing.

One study looked at how weather conditions affected the

popularity of bike sharing programs, specifically the Beijing Public
Bike sharing Program (Lin et. al, 2019).
In-Text Citation: Group Authors
When citing a group author:
Mention the organization the first time you cite the source in the
parenthetical citation.

If you first mention the group in a parenthetical citation, list the

abbreviation in square brackets, followed by a comma and the
year of publication.
(Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2019).
In-Text Citation: Same Last Name/ Authors
When citing authors with the same last names:
Use first initials with the last names.
(B. Davis, 2018; Y. Davis, 2020)

When citing two or more works by the same author and

published in the same year:
Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order
the references.
Chen’s (2018a) study of bird migration…
In-Text Citation: Personal Communication
When citing personal communication (interviews, letters, e-mails,
etc.): Include the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication.

Parenthetical citation:
One teacher mentioned that many of her students had difficulties with
APA style (Anderson, personal communication, January 8, 2020).
Do not include personal communication in the reference list.