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Important Engine Characteristics: The Engine's Performance Over Its Operating Range
Important Engine Characteristics: The Engine's Performance Over Its Operating Range
PERFORMANCE
OF ENGINE
Co
ns Fue ed
um l e
pt Sp
io
n
Engine Performance Parameters
Internal combustion engine generally operates within a
useful range of speed.
Some engines are made to run at fixed speed by means
of a speed governor which is its rated speed
At each speed within the useful range the power output
varies and it has a maximum usable value.
The ratio of power developed to the maximum usable
power at the same speed is called the load
The specific fuel consumption varies with load and speed
Engine Performance
The power output at each speed can be determined
2
3
Pe Pe max e e e For carburetor engine
N N N
e e e
2 3
For diesel engine with open
Pe Pe max 0.87 1.13
N N N Combustion chamber
Engine Performance Parameters
The maximum power (or the maximum torque) available at each speed
within the useful engine operating range
The range of speed and power over which engine operation is
satisfactory IV- level
Tractive Effort and Total Resistance
1 Gear
II- level
I- level
3rd Gear
o A B C
Speed
Engine Performance Parameters
The performance an engine is judged from the point of view of the two
main factors
Engine Power
Engine Efficiency
Five important engine efficiencies are
Indicated thermal efficiency (ηith) Indicated Power
Brake thermal efficiency (ηbth) Brake Power
Mechanical efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric efficiency (ηv)
Relative efficiency or Efficiency ratio (ηrel)
Engine Performance Parameters
d 2 B 2
AP
4 4
Engine Nomenclature
Displacement Volume (Vd) or
Swept Volume (Vs)
The nominal volume swept
by the working piston when
traveling from one dead
center to the other.
Vd = VBDC - VTDC
Vd AP S
d 2
S
4
Engine Nomenclature
Clearance Volume (Vc) or (CV)
The nominal volume of the
combustion chamber above the
piston when it is at TDC is the
clearance volume. (VTDC)
Compression Ratio (r)
It is the ratio of the total cylinder
volume when the piston is at the
BDC, VT, to the clearance volume at
1
TDC, vc VTDC Vdisp
r 1
V BDC VT VC VS Vs
r r 1 V BDC
r
Vdisp
VTDC VC VC VC
r 1
Engine Nomenclature
Engine Capacity (Ve) TDC
Stroke VS VS VS VS
d 2
Ve Vd n nS BDC
4
Bore
Where n- is number of cylinders
Vd - cylinder swept volume
Displacement Rate
r 1 2 S 2 S
The Energy Flow
L (m)
b F= P.A (N)
imep N
i p Vs nc
1000 60 K
i ( LA)nN
mep (kW )
60,000 K
i p ( kJ / s ) i
ith P
energy in fuel per sec ond ( kJ / s E
iP
mass of fuel / s calorofic Value of fuel
Indicative MEP
Factors affecting imep:
Compression ratio
Air/fuel ratio
Volumetric efficiency
Ignition timing
Valve timing and lift
Air pressure and temperature
Factors affecting (imep)
a Vdisp N / 2 v
a,i Vd N
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Engines are only capable of 80% to 90% volumetric efficiency.
Volumetric efficiency depends upon
throttle opening and engine speed
induction and exhaust system layout,
port size and
valve timing and opening duration.
High volumetric efficiency increases engine power.
Volumetric Efficiency can be greater than one where Super
charger or turbocharger fitted
Turbo charging is capable of increasing volumetric efficiency up to
50%.
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio
Is the ratio of thermal efficiency of an actual cycle to that of
the ideal cycle.
Very useful criteria which indicates the degree of development
of the engine.
3600 bp
bsfc i sfc bsfc bsfc m
bth CV ip
Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio
Air-Fuel ratio (AF) or Fuel-Air ratio (FA) are used to describe the mixture ratio of the
charge.
bp
i sfc bsfc 360
20 g
291.26 kW h
ip 24.72
Fuel Consumption
mf isfc ip
isfc m f
ip 3600 1000
291.26 24.72
mf
3600 1000
m f 2 10 3 kg
s
Solution
Indicated thermal efficiency
ip
ith
m CV
f
24.72
3
100
2 10 43, 000
28.74 %
QUESTIONS?