What is the difference

between Iron and Steel?

 IRO StEEL
 is magnetic and
N
silvery-gray in color;
ha the element of Fe
a hard strong grey
or bluish-gray alloy
made of iron and
atomic number 26,
carbon and usually
often much used as
other elements,
a constituent for
used as structural
construction and
and fabricating
manufacturing.
material.
 Pyrite
Hematite (Fool’s Gold) Magnetite
 Mid-Bronze
3500BC Age
King
Iron
Tutankhamu’s
Age The Road to
dagger
Egypt
American Modern
Steel to 2oth
(Iron from space) Bloomeries. • The first blast steel century
furnace
• The Puddling
furnance
Bessemer
Process Robert Durrer’s
addition of
limestone.

Through History…
 Mid-
3500 Bronze
BC Age

Through History
King Tutankhamu’s dagger
Egypt Bloomeries
(Iron from space) 3CO+Fe2O33CO2+2F
e
American American
Steel Steel

Through History
Henry Bessemer Welshman Sidney Gilchrist
Thomas’ addition of limestone
 Puddling furnace
Iron Age

Through History
2C+O22CO
CaCo3CaO+CO2
CaO+SIo2 CaSio3
The Road to Modern
Steel to 2oth century

Robert
Durrer
“Basic oxygen
process”
Physical and
Chemical
Properties
Physical Properties of •Iron is a silvery-white or grayish metal
Iron
•It is ductile, malleable and has high tensile strength.

•Melting point of pure iron: 1536◦C

•Boiling point of pure iron: 3000 ◦ C

•It’s density is 7.87 grams per cubic centimeter.

•It is ferromagnetic.

•Dissolves in dilute acids.

Chemical Properties •Iron is an active metal which readily combines with
of Iron oxygen in moist air.
Corrosion:

•Iron also reacts with very hot water and steam to

produce hydrogen gas.
•Properties of metals in general, may be divided into Properties of
2:
1.Structure Intensive Propertoes: these are properties
Steel
that has do with the atoms themselves, but not the
microstructure. Example: density modulus,
coefficient of thermal expansion, specific heat.
2.Structure sensitive properties: these are properties
that depends on the microstructure of the materials,
which is greatly affected by heating and cooling.
Example yield strength, fracture strngth, ductility,
and fatigue performance.
Atomic Structure
•Steel is a refined form of iron that has a controlled amount

of Steel
of carbon added to it. It has also been smelted with various
minerals to help remove impurities at specific heat
temperatures. There are several grades of steel, and other
metals may be alloyed with steel, depending on what is
eventual use will be.
A B O U T U S

Cementite
•Also known as iron carbide, is a chemical
compound of iron and carbon, with the
formula Fe3C:Fe). By weight, it is 6.67%
carbon and 93.3%Z iron. It has an
orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard,
brittle, normally classified as a ceramic in
its pure form, though it is more important in
metallurgy.
Molecular Composition
•Steel is a crystalline structure of iron molecules interspersed

of Steel
with carbon molecules. This is properly known as cementite.
The hardness and malleability of steel depends not only on
the carbon content , but on how the carbon and iron
molecules are arranged to one another. Internal stresses in the
steel’s crystalline structure will increase or decrease
depending on the temperature it is subjected to and the ray at
which molten steel is cooled.
 Steel Grades
•Hundreds of different grades and types of steel exist. Most
are divided up into three categories: tool, steel and simple
steel and stainless steel. The American Iron and Steel
Institute is one of the most common standardizing
organizations and uses alphanumeric identification system to
classify steel. Converting between different steel grades
according to chemistry or properties is possible but technical
data is necessary for more accurate conversions.
Properties of
Steel
 Pig Iron Cast Iron
• Pig Iron: basic raw iron • Cast Iron: is simply
is called pig iron liquid iron that has
because it is produced been cast: poured into
in the form of chunky a mold and allowed to
molded bricks known as cool and harden to
pigs. Pig iron is made form a finished
by heating iron ore (rich structural shape such
in iron oxide) in a blast as pipe, a gear, or a big
furnace) girder for an iron
bridge.
Wrought Iron
• Wrought iron: is a very
different material made
by mixing liquid iron
with some slag. The
result is an iron alloy
with a much lower
carbon content.
Wrought iron is softer
than cast iron and
much less tough.
Manufacturing of Iron and Steel
●
Iron Ore Pig Iron
1 ●
Cast Iron

2 ●
Pig IronSteel

3 ●
Forming of Steel
Unit Operations
and Unit
Processes
Blending and
Mixing. stockyard.
• Blending is carried out in the secondary

• Necessary to maintain a consistent

quality of feedstock for the sinter plant
and blast furnaces.
• Direct charge materials for the blast
furnaces(e.g. rubble and pellets) are
recovered from the primary yard and
screened, with the oversize being
conveyed to the blast furnace bunkers
and the undersize to the blended fine ore
bed for incorporation in the sinter mix.
Sintering
•Used to process iron ore fines and various
recycled materials, which are too small to
be fed directly into
the blast furnace.
•Agglomerates the fine material into a
clinker-like aggregate, with a size range
that is acceptable to the blast furnace.
 Pelletising
Similar to a sinter plant,
although, because of the process
route, less dust is created
 Blast furnace
iron making
•Reduces solid
iron oxides to
molten iron,
principally by
carbon monoxide
reduction.
 Iron
•desulphurisatio

Unit Processes
Sulphur in hot metal is more effectively
removed in a separate process carried
nin the ladle.
out

•The molten metal is poured into a transfer

ladle containing a quantity of soda ash or a
mixture of soda ash, coke and magnesium.

•Resulting high sulphur slag is skimmed off the

surface of the metal with a mechanical rake or
'rabble’.
Basic Oxygen Steel
making

Unit Processes
Also known as Linz–Donawitz-steelmaking or the oxygen converter
process is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten pig
iron is made into steel. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the
carbon content of the alloy and changes it into low-carbon steel. The process
is known as basic because fluxes of burnt lime or dolomite, which are
chemical bases, are added to promote the removal of impurities and protect
the lining of the converter.
Electric Arc Steel
making

Unit Processes
•Melts ferrous materials that have low or zero iron oxide
content, such as steel scrap.
•Recycling of ferrous materials recovered by the scrap metal
industry.
•Mainly applied for bulk steel melting for mini-mill strip and
plate, bulk steel ingots for forging and batch melting for
foundries.
Continuous casting

L O R E M I P S U M D O L O R

• Produces semi-finished products, such as slabs, blooms

and billets. Molten steel is fed at a controlled rate into a
water-cooled copper mould of appropriate cross-section.
• Forms a solid outer skin, it is drawn from the mould and
is cooled by secondary water sprays, prior to discharge
onto a roller table, where it is cut to the required length.
Ingot Casting

Ingot casting is the traditional method of forming

molten steel into a solid shape for further processing.
Continuous casting has largely replaced ingot
casting within Western Europe, except in special
circumstances such as the production of large
forgings or small quantities o f special steels.
Scarfing

• Surface rectification of semi-finished products such

as slab and bloom is performed by grinding or
scarfing.
• Grinding is typically used for cold surface
conditioning of ingots prior to reheating and rolling.
Billets for special products such as cold heading
qualities are usually surface conditioned by machine
grinding.
Rolling

Rolling processes can be divided into the following main

categories:
• Hot rolling - flat products (strip and plate)
• Hot rolling - long products (rod, bar and sections)
• Cold rolling - strip
• Hot finishing - finishing processes applied to hot rolled
products
• Cold finishing - finishing processes applied to cold rolled
products.
Pickling and
cleaning removing surface scale by dissolving it in
•Pickling is the process of chemically

aqueous acid solutions, by means o f a

batch, semi-continuous or continuous
process.

•Sulphuric or hydrochloric acids are

normally used to pickle carbon and low
alloy steels. Nitric and hydrofluoric acids
are employed for stainless steels
• Zone of combustion (5m-10m)
C+1/2O2CO H=-220kJ (2000K)
2COO2+2C (2000K)

• Zone of Reduction (22m-25m)

Fe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2 (900K)
Fe2O3+3C2Fe+3CO (1500K)

• Zone of Slag Formation

CaCO3 CaO+CO2 (1200K)
CaO+SiO2CaSiO3 (1500K)
12CaO+2Al2O34Ca3AlO3+3O2 (1500K)

•Zone of fusion (15m)

Mn+O2MnO2
Si+O2SiO2

Other gases: N2, CO (can be removed)

USES
Iron is a very important and essential
substance to our everyday lives (as it’s
found virtually everywhere), and it’s also
a vital component of many alloys.
This include…
• Steel – the combination of iron and
carbon, this material is massively used in
construction, weapons and
transportation.
• Stainless steel – created by the addition
of, at least, 10.5% of chromium, stainless
steel has extremely high resistance to
corrosion, making it the perfect choice
for challenging environments.
• Carbon steel – this alloy is not too brittle
or ductile, is malleable and has low
tensile strength.
And…
• Cast iron – derived from pig iron and alloyed
with carbon (3% to 5%) and silicon, cast iron is
lightweight, strong and has good resistant to
wear. It is used for pipes, valves and pumps. It
is not as tough as steel but it is cheaper.
• Iron and nickel – creates an alloy that is more
resistant to heat and acids.
• Iron and manganese – an incredibly durable
alloy.
• Iron and tungsten – the addition of tungsten
to iron makes it an alloy capable of
maintaining hardness at high temperatures.
 A B O U T U S

Machinery and tools, as well as vehicles, hulls of ships, structural elements for
buildings, bridges and aircraft.
 A B O U T U S

Iron chloride acts as a coloring agent, and is an important chemical

component for making of various types of dyes, paints, and pigments.
Metallic iron possesses
-
natural magnetic
properties and hence, it is
used for making

F-
permanent magnets as
well as electromagnets. A
lot of water purification
systems that are found in
our kitchen sinks contain
iron hydroxide.
 Role in
Agriculture
And
Horticultur
al Benefit Ironseveral
is a constituent of
enzymes and some
Provide beneficial support to horticultural
process by being a “sequestered iron”.
Chelated-iron micronutrients used as plant
pigments, and assists in tonics are recommended for enhancing
nitrate and sulfate ornamental horticulture. Such measures
reduction and energy can prevent lime-induced chlorosis,
production within the thereby keeping quality of soil intact
plant.
Optimum Pest
Control
• Chelated-iron agricultural
micronutrients are beneficial
for pest controlling
purposes. The inflammatory
effects of exposure to iron
chelates is said to work as
irritants for pests. While it is
mildly irritating for humans,
it can be severely poisonous
for slugs, slaters and snails
 A B O U T U S

Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for producing ammonia, and in the
Fischer–Tropsch process for converting syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide)
into liquid fuels.
 A B O U T U S

• Iron is also found in our homes; in the form of wrought iron

and cast iron.
• While cast iron is also almost an indispensable part of our
kitchens. Its uniform heating quality makes it an ideal material
for manufacturing skillet.
 Role of iron in the
Human Body
• It is a component of hemoglobin, which is
present in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin
is made up of iron and protein.
• Low iron levels in the body causes iron
deficiency anemia. The condition has to be
treated with the help of dietary
supplements that contains iron in the form
of iron gluconate.
 Steel is
widely
used in
the
construct • It is used for the frames of many large buildings, and in the
construction of bridges - it is very strong
ion • Cables for cranes- it is very strong under tension (when
stretched).
industry • It is used to reinforce concrete - it expands and contracts at the
same rate when heated and cooled, and it adds strength and
flexibility to the concrete (which would be brittle without it).
 Steel and
ItHealth
-
is an ideal material for
sterile surgical instruments
used in delicate operations,
for screws to repair bone

F-
fractures, for pharmaceutical
equipment used for the
production of medicines, and
for hypodermic needles used
for vaccinations.
 Steel and
•Health -
The strength and durability of
steel also make it suitable for
exercise equipment.

• It provides the infrastructure of

the hospital buildings, delivers
clean water to hospitals using
F-
pumps and pipes, and helps in
free movement in dispensaries
with the help of lifts and wheel
chairs.
• It is used for the storage of rainwater, drilling wells
and desalination facilities.
• Enables the building of water infrastructure.
• Steel barriers are also important to prevent flooding in
areas of increasing sea-levels.
• The use of steel cans also
provides reassurance that
the food remains fresh
and nutritious.
• The machines and
equipment that process
the food materials are also
made with steel.
• In kitchens, steel is used
in the cooking of the food.
 Steel
and
housing • Steel frames, structural beams and foundations support houses.
• Steel panels and roofs.
• Washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners.
• Steel also provides elegant light fixtures and furniture.
• Steel is used in bathrooms in showers and taps.
• Steel is also impervious to attacks from termites or fungi.
 Steel
and
agricult • Used for tilling of the land, planting of seeds, watering of the fields, harvesting,

ure storing and transportation of crops.

• Steel also facilitates the feeding, shelter and transportation of livestock. Steel
industry by-products are even used as fertilizers.
• It is used for pipes and irrigation systems, for water tanks and buckets, and in
scythes, sickles and shovels.
• Steel is also an ideal material for automated animal-feeding systems. or other
types of transport means made with steel.
 A B O U T U S

• Steel facilitates mobility. Steel makes up around 55 % to 60% of the

overall mass of an automobile.
• Steel is essential in all transport infrastructure.
• Power trains, gear boxes or automobile bodies are all made from steel.
• Computers and pens contain steel and are produced using steel equipment.
Around 25 % of an average computer is made of steel.
• The actuators in of satellite dishes are made of high-tech steel.
• Steel is also used to protect communication cables that cross continents and even
the ocean floor.
• All radios contain steel components to enable communication.
 Iron and
Steel
Thank you for
listening!!!

P o w e r p o i n t
b y :
Group 3
Calas, Johnn
Cristales, Julie Anne D.
De Los Santos, Joshua