Immunodeficiency,

Hypersensitivity
Dr.Shahzad Hussain
BDS, FCPS(r)
Oral & maxillofacial Surgery
 Introduction
 Defence mechanism of the body impaired
  Repeated microbial infections
  Enhanced susceptibility to malignancy
  Specific – Humoral, Cell mediated
  Non specific – Phagocytosis and
Complement
 Immunodeficiency Diseases
 Primary:
• Abnormalities in the development of immune
mechanisms

 Secondary:
• Consequences of disease, drug, nutritional
inadequacies
 PRIMARY
IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMES

 Humoral Immunodeficiencies(B-cell)
 Cellular Immunodeficiencies(T-Cell)
 Combined Immunodeficiencies
 Disorders of Complement
 Disorders of Phagocytosis
 SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIE
 Nutritional Deficiency
• Malnutrition
 Malignancy
• Acute Leukemia
 Infection
• HIV, Tuberculosis
 Metabolic disorders
• Diabetes Mallitus
 Cytotoxic drugs
 Humoral and cell mediated immune deficiencies
 Drug Induced
• Systemic/local corticosteroid therapy
 Hypersensitivity
 Immunological reaction
• refers toundesirable immune reactions produced by the normal
immune system.
 Hypersensitivity reactions
• When an immune response result in exaggerated OR in
appropriate reactions harmful to the host the term hypersensitivity
OR allergy used.
 Hypersensitivity reactions:
• four types; based on the mechanisms involved and time taken for
the reaction, a
 particular clinical condition (disease) may involve more
than one type of reaction.
 Types
 Type I
 Type II
 Type III
 Type IV

___________________________________
 Type I, II and III Antibody Mediated
 Type IV Cell Mediated
 Commonly called allergy Mediated by IgE antibodies
produced by plasma cells in
response to stimulation of Th2 cells by an antigens.
The antigens that stimulate it are called allergens
(i.e. House dust, Pollens, Cosmetics, Insects, Clothing and
Drug)
Exposure may be ingested, inhalation, injection or direct
contact.
Type I hypersensitivity reactions can be systemic (e.g.,
systemic anaphylaxis) or localized to a specific target
tissue or organ (e.g., allergic rhinitis, asthma).