Basic Electronics (ES-112)
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Recommend Books
Text Book
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Robert Boylestad and Louis
Nashelsky, Prentice Hall, Latest Edition.
Introductory Basic Electronics: Electron Flow Version, Robert Paynter,
Prentice Hall, Latest Edition.
Principles of Electronic,V.K Mehta, Latest Edition.
.
Reference Books
The Art of Electronics, Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, Latest Edition.
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CLOs and PLOs
Bloom’s
CLOs Description Taxonomy PLO
Domain Level
Explain the basics, working and
1 characteristics of Semiconductor material Cognitive 2 1
and diodes.
Analyze the working and behavior of
2 transistors and their types and be able to Cognitive 4 2
understand different transistor applications
Reproduce basic electronic circuits on board
using discrete components i.e. resistors,
diodes and transistors, and develop project Psychomot 3, 5, 9,
3 using discrete components and/or circuit 2
or 10
simulation platform i.e. Multisim
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Course Contents (Syllabus)
Introduction to electronics: : PN junction diode, forward and reverse
characteristics of a diode, ideal diode, practical diode, equivalent circuit of a
diode, current equation of a diode, diode as a switch.
Types of diodes: Schottky diode, zener diode, tunnel diode, varactor diode,
LED, laser diode.
Applications of diode: Half-and full-wave rectifiers, clipper and clamper circuits,
voltage multipliers.
Bipolar junction transistor: Operation, npnand pnp transistors, unbiased
transistors, DC biasing of a transistor, static characteristics, DC circuit analysis,
load line, operating point and bias stabilization, Transistor as an amplifier.
Transistor biasing configurations: Common emitter, common base, common
collector. Field-effect transistor.
FET biasing techniques: Common drain, common source and common gate,
fixed bias and self-bias configurations, voltage divider biasing, universal JFET
bias curve.
MOSFET :Introduction, Enhancement mode, depletion mode MOSFET
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Lec#01
Introduction to Electronics (CLO-1)
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Outline
Definition of Electronics.
Major Areas of Electronic Engineering.
Active Vs Passive Components.
Linear Vs Non Linear Components.
Electrical Vs Electronic System
Alternating Vs Direct Current
Electronics in Communication
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References
allaboutcircuits.com/textbook
imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com
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What is Electronics?
General Definition
The science dealing with the development and application of
devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in
gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
Modern Definition
The science dealing with the development and application of
devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in
semiconductors.
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Electronic Engineering
Electronic Engineering is an electrical engineering discipline which
utilizes Non-linear and active electrical components like diodes,
transistors, Integrated circuits (ICs) to design electronic circuits,
devices, microprocessors, microcontrollers and other systems
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Major Areas of Electronics
Control Engineering: deals with designing of diverse range of
dynamic systems such as mechanical systems and the design of
controllers.
Instrumentation Engineering: involves design of devices to measure
physical quantities such as pressure ,flow and temperature
Communication Engineering: deals with transmission of information
across a channel.
VLSI design Engineering: deals with VLSI design and fabrication of
Integrated Circuits
Signal Processing: Deals with analysis and manipulation of signals
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Active Vs Passive components
An active device is any type of circuit component with the ability to electrically
control electron flow (electricity controlling electricity).
In order for a circuit to be properly called electronic, it must contain at least one
active device.
Active components are parts that provide gain or direction, such as transistors and
diodes.
Active components can amplify a less powerful signal into a more powerful signal,
or control a larger power with a smaller power.
Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal
are called passive devices.
Passive devices merely respond to the external power applied.
Passive components provide neither gain (amplification) nor direction,
Active devices are capable of providing power gain, and passive devices are
incapable of providing power gain.
Resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and even diodes are all considered
passive devices.
Active devices include, but are not limited to, vacuum tubes, transistors, silicon-
controlled rectifiers (SCRs), and TRIACs.
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Active Vs Passive components
All active devices control the flow of electrons through them.
Devices utilizing a static voltage as the controlling signal are
called voltage-controlled devices.
Devices working on the principle of one current controlling another
current are known as current-controlled devices.
A transformer or inductor utilized in the "normal" fashion is a passive
device. It does not control anything.
But a transformer or inductor used as a magnetic amplifier -is- an
active device
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Linear Vs Non Linear Components
Current and voltage relationship is proportional to each other in linear
components.
Linear components are all passive and bilateral.
Some linear elements :
Resistors.
Capacitors.
Inductors.
Transformers.
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Linear Vs Non Linear Components
Any electrical element which doesn't follow ohm's law is a non-linear
element.
An electrical element which doesn't have a linear relationship between
its voltage difference & current is known as a non-linear element.
All active components are non-linear. All most of them are not bilateral.
Some examples of non-linear elements :
Diodes
BJTs/MOSFETS and all other transistors (Although some of them
look piece-wise linear).
Amplifiers (Piecewise linear in some areas of operation).
Relays & Switches.
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Electrical Vs Electronic
Electronics discipline is a subset of Electrical engineering.
Electrical engineering involves high power circuits in most cases
(Power transformers which power your house, High voltage circuits for
machineries in industry ,etc).
Electronics mostly involves low power circuits(mobile charger, audio
amplifiers, etc).
So don't electronics engineers know to design high power circuits?
Yes. They know.
Electrical engineers know about low power circuits as well.
But the depth of their knowledge differs.
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Electrical Vs Electronic Systems
Electrical systems, like the circuits in your house, use a standard
electric current to make things such as light bulbs work.
Electronic systems take this a step further: they control the electrical
current, changing its fluctuations, direction and timing in various ways
in order to accomplish a variety of functions, from dimming a light bulb
to communicating with satellites.
This control is what distinguishes electronic systems from electrical
systems.
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Electrical Vs Electronic Systems
Electrical Engineering in general focuses on generation,
transmission and distribution of energy.
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Electrical Vs Electronic Systems
Electronic Engineering deals with end applications of electricity:
devices, instruments, etc
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Electrical Vs Electronic Systems
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Alternating Vs Direct Current
Alternating current is called so since it changes its direction after
every half cycle.
When you plug a light into an electrical socket in your home, you’re
using electrical energy that originates at a generating plant.
Generating plants convert energy from resources like water, coal, oil,
natural gas or uranium into electrical energy.
Many plants use the heat energy generated by nuclear reactions or
the burning of fossil fuels to transform water into steam.
Then the steam exerts pressure on the fins of a turbine, causing it to
turn. 21
Alternating Vs Direct Current
Hydroelectric power plants located at dams use water pressure and
windmills use wind energy to rotate turbines.
Power plant turbines are connected to electromechanical generators, which
convert mechanical energy (the motion of the turbine) into electrical energy
A generator contains a coil of wire inside a huge magnet.
As the coil rotates inside the magnet, the magnet first causes the electrons
to flow in one direction, but when the coil has rotated 180 degrees, the
magnet pulls the electrons in the other direction and they go right back
again.
This rotation creates alternating current (AC).
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AC generation
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AC Generation
In UK and in Pakistan as well power plants, the coil makes 50
complete rotations each second, so the electron flow changes direction
100 times per second.
One complete rotation is called a cycle. The number of cycles per
second in alternating current is known as frequency and is measured
in units called Hertz.
The UK and most of Europe generate AC at 50 Hertz, whereas the
United States and many other countries use 60 Hertz as a standard.
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Direct Current
If the voltage is maintained between two points in a circuit, charge
will flow in one direction - from high to low potential. This is called
direct current (DC)
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Generating DC
DC can be generated in a number of ways:
An AC generator equipped with a device called a “commutator” can
produce direct current
Use of a device called a “rectifier” that converts AC to DC
Batteries provide DC, which is generated from a chemical reaction
inside of the battery
Many electronic devices, such as laptop computers for instance,
require a steady DC supply,
Regulated power supplies, also known as AC-to-DC adapters, or AC
adapters, convert AC to DC and are commonly included with electronic
devices when purchased
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Electronics in ‘Communication’
Majority of communication circuits cant be designed without using
electronic components.
Lets take an example of radio receiver circuit.
Electronic components in a radio control the current going to speakers
to reproduce the sounds originally created in the studio,
several stages of electronics perform this functions:
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Electronics in ‘Communication’
Antenna: Detects radio waves (invisible signals transmitted from many
different radio stations) in the air and transforms them into an electrical
signal, which is a variable flow of electric current.
Tuner: Picks out just one radio signal from all the signals detected by the
antenna, rejecting all the others.
Detector: Separates the audio signal (a replica of the original sound)
from the radio signal (which, in addition to the audio signal, includes a
carrier signal that transports the audio signal through the air).
Amplifier: Boosts the tiny audio signal so that you can hear it.
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End Of Lecture
