x= Irfc phasorform:CC0phase angle

32 2k)L =
0 cos-
=
(*)
-cos-(E)
Ps

R2 Is:Vscost 4
cost (pf)
v Vp+
=
V2

o tant (*) tant) ) tan:

=

(E)
Un iR ImRsinwt
=

=
=
=

v ix ImX =
= sinwt+ voltage leads by
current
100

100
jIx
RI
current lags voltage by
v =
+

I(R jx)
=
+

=
12

RC

v
= vn Vc
+

VR ImRsinct
=

Vc Im)(sin(t-z)
=

voltage lags
current leads
current
voltage by
by 100
100

Power loss IPR

=

RIC in serves

of i Imsinct
=

then the

instantaneous voltage across the

circuit is

v Up
=
+ V2 + Vc

8:tant2"(
VR ImRsin
= we

v Imc-sin(t E)
=
+

Vc ImCCcsin(wt-z)
=

in phasor notation

V V
=

+ Vi + Vc

=IR +

jIx jIC -

magnitude a
2 R2
=

+ (x) -((c)2

I(R jx jx)
= -
+

=I(R j(x x))

+ -

IZ
=
 Parallel AC Circuits
V is used as reference as
voltage across parallel loads are the same

parallel RL circuit

Ir = ~
in resistors current a
voltage always in

phase

In 5 V are in phase

I = xL
VL0
90° 10:
In lags V
by ↳0 -

L XL 1 0
-

=
40
.

.
c u r re n t lags voltage
100
by

Em V
-

*
I
I:Ir + IL

=
-
2

z E
=
IL
I
·Tags by do.

-(c)

I
Em -V
phase angle
*
I
0 tan'
=

(2] IR ICOSP
=
-> Active current

=tan-1
I= 0 (E)
-

cos
=

(E)
-cos"

0:tan- (*) IL
E *
I
Lags
0 cos(5]
v 100
by
=

In:I sind - reactive current

6 sin
=
()
-Sin
[E)
0 =
sn
[]
Parallel RC circuit

Ir = ~in
resistors current a
voltage always in

phase

Ir 4 V are in phase

I
Ic =
xc

In leads V by 100

I:Ir Ic
+

I Wic
=

* s
-+
()"
Phase angle
E
Ic
z =
0:tant (E) I

-(I)
0
=

tant
(E)
% tan"
:
(,] a) ~ B
In

Ur
D

VC
W
 Parallel RLC circuits

Voltage taken as reference as it

is

common to all three branches

Is =Ir 2 (Ir -1a)

+

I
source
current

R x Ex =
=
=

00 22: (Y) ( +
-

)"

+let me

I (n) +[i=

E Y
= admittance L siemens (S)

i.2:
 if circuits of impedences 21,22 ...
In

EQUIVALENT impedence I
=

are connected parallel the

=
+... In
+

* Y admittance
=

Y G
=
+

jB
- Jus ceptance
conductance

C1 -
conductance B -

Susceptance
The inverse of pure reactance() is known as

if resistors of resistances R, R2 ...

In
susceptance
R
EQUIVALENT resistance
=

are connected parallel the

1 -

negative in value
B =32

- =

it... En
+
B B4
=
-
90

0
= -

jB

expressed in G = Bc 5c
=
-

positive in value

J-
(s)
B4Ie
siemens =

mo

G conductance

a)
2

R
/
3

Trance susceptance

V IZ
=

=>
=
Y =
 SmitePOWER
frequency of power waveform 2
=

xf of V/I waveform

I power- source to load

power-load to source

purely resistive circuit RMS values

~

/ Real VI
Average power:
phase difference bet WEI
Power is always positive no
-

Purely capacitive circuit

L has a reactance."a reactive power

Average / Real Power 0

=

however there is (Q) reactive power

-
Q VI=

Lis v is taken as reference

Q = -
VI
L if current is taken as reference

Purely inductive circuit

Average / Real Power =

0

urts= VAR
-
A
reactive power
reference
Q =-VI CV is taken as

① VI
: -
T1 I is taken as reference

with
Circuit a
general load

I
=
2
-
=
r +

jx
- ce
⑧

3
o
0
... Voltage
RL
leads current
circuit
P
VI
-
cose

cose units:watts RLC

Real power/Average power:VI in RC, RL or

circuit

RC
circuit E ...
currentagesse

Real power (Average power-VI coSD units-watts Real/Average power is

0, ONLY obtained if there is

-
When current lags voltage by pfi s lagging L inductive loads cause a lagging
factor
a resistor in the circuit
voltage by 0, pfi s work done in
-When leads
current
leading capacitive loads cause a
leading
:no active

Unity power purely resistive (capacitive

L
8 00
=
current is in phase
with
voltage
circuits.
20S8 1 =
 X
Reactive Power -

Q VAR

a VI
=

sin
S
a
Q P =

+ an

ApparentPower-S
a)
VA

tan8 p
=
-

S VI
-
Ia
=

.. Q Ptan
=

P Scos
=

↓ relationship between active

power a apparent power

Complex Power (phasor format of apparent power)

↳ S P
=

jQ
+

apparent power:1 S1
L
S VI*
= complex power

where V V
magnitude.
KOU
=

I I4 Di
=

then 1*:1K-0i

S VIK OU-Di
=

S:VIL 0
 f correction

I ~
reactive power consumed

circuit
in inductive load

power factor correction is achieved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the load.
These capacitors supply reactive power, which counteracts the reactive power
consumed by the inductive load, thereby improving the power factor.
in capacitive load -
circuit
reactive power generated

Conversely, circuits with capacitive loads (e.g., power factor correction capacitors, certain types of
electronic equipment) can be corrected by connecting inductors in series with the load. The
inductors consume reactive power, compensating for the excess reactive power generated by the
capacitive load.
By improving the power factor, power factor correction reduces the amount of reactive power
flowing through the system, which results in reduced energy losses, improved voltage stability, and
increased overall efficiency. It is commonly implemented in industrial and commercial settings to
reduce electricity costs and improve the utilization of electrical systems.