Fluxon Dynamics in a Coupled

Long Josephson Junctions

By

Bishnu P. Dhakal
Central Department of Physics
Tribhuvan University
Kirtipur-Kathmandu, Nepal
 OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES OF THESIS
3. PRELIMINARY BASIC KNOWLEDGE
3.1 SECOND QUANTIZATION
3.2 MICROSCOPIC BCS THEORY
3.3 LONG JOSEPHSON JUNCTION AND FLUXON
4. METHODOLOGY
5. CONCLUSION
6. ESTIMATED TIME SCHEDULE
7. REFERENCES
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1
INTRODUCTION
Remarkable History
1. In 1911 H. Kamerling Onnes cooled mercury
2 below 4.2K, received Nobel Prize in Physics for
3 this work in 1913.
2. In 1933 Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld
3.1 discovered that a superconducting material will
3.2 repel a magnetic field.
3.3 3. In 1950 V. Ginzburg and L. Landau proposed a
phenomenological theory
4 4. In 1957 Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer
5 propounded a pairing theory of superconductivity
6 today known as BCS theory, received Nobel Prize
7 in Physics for this work in 1972

8 Contd….
Contd….
5. In 1962 Josephson predicted that Cooper pairs should be
able to tunnel between two superconductors even in non
biasing circuit, received Nobel Prize for this work in 1973.
6. In 1986, Alex Müller and Georg Bednorz, researchers at the
IBM Research Laboratory in Rüschlikon, Switzerland,
created a brittle ceramic compound that superconducted at
the highest temperature then known: 30 K, received Nobel
Prize for this work in 1987.
7. In 2001, the discovery of superconductivity in MgB2 at 39K.
8. Superconductors.ORG reports
High Tc has been advanced to 77 Celsius (170F, 350K) with
the discovery of the compound Tl7Sn2Ba2MnCu10O20+. This
exceedingly high transition temperature (Tc) was achieved
by substituting manganese into the titanium atomic sites of
the 65 Celsius superconductor announced in January 2014.
Contd….
Contd….
Heike
Kamerlingh
Onnes

 Walther Meissner Robert Ochsenfeld Contd….

Contd….
John Bardeen
Leon Cooper
John Schrieffer

Alex Müller and Georg Bednorz

Brian D. Josephson Contd….

Contd….

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY FLOW CHART

1 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS

2 1. Calculation and Interpretation of the

microscopic BCS Hamiltonian to obtain
3 Lagrangian density of LJJ in two gap
3.1 superconductor
3.2
3.3 2. Study and interpretation of special nonlinear
system especially used in LJJ
4
5 3. Study of Fluxon Dynamics in a coupled Long
6 Josephson Junction (LJJ) with two gap
7 superconductor
8
1 PRELIMINARY BASIC KNOWLEDGE
2

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
5
6
7
8
1 Second Quantization
2
3 The destruction operator a in an n-particle occupation
3.1 state converts into (n-1)-particle state as

3.2 a n  n n 1
3.3
4 The annihilation operator in an n-particle occupation
5 state converts into (n+1)-particle state as
6
7 a n  n n 1
8
Contd….
Contd….

n1, n2 ,........, ni ,....

Completeness

 n1n2 ........ni .... n1n2 ........ni ....  1

n1n2 .... ni ..

Orthogonality
' ' '
n1n2 ......ni ..... n1n2 ......n1.....  '  ' ...... ' .....
n1n1 n2 n2 ni ni

Contd….
Contd….

Commutation

 
a j , a j'  jj ' , a j , a j '     
a j , a j' 0
Where, [A, B] = AB - BA

Anti-Commutation

 

a j , a j '   jj ' ,    

a j , a j'  a j , a j'  0
Where, {A, B} = AB + BA

Contd….
Contd….
For many particle system the total energy operator (Hamiltonian)
can be written as
1
H   T ( x j )   V  xi , xk 
j 1
2 i  k 1

xj including all the required information of particle, such as

spatial coordinate and any spin component if possess that particle

In the creation and destruction operators the above Hamiltonian

can be written as
 1
H   ai i | T | j a j   a j a j ij | V | kl a k al

ij
2 ijkl

Contd….
Contd….

Mainly, due to two reasons, physicists all use second

quantization formalism to understand many-body theory.

1. It enables us to deal with systems containing a variable

number of particles

2. The occupation number formalism has to do with the

symmetry properties of Fermi and Bose system .
1 MICROSCOPIC BCS THEORY
2
3 1. Bound state of two electron with opposite spin and
momentum undergone Bose Einstein condensation
3.1 called Cooper pair.
3.2 2. The excited state above the condensate is some
3.3 finite energy above the condensate level. That's
4 why there is an energy gap (the energy required to
break a Cooper pair).
5
6 3. BCS theory mainly predicted that, the relationship
7 between the size of the superconducting energy gap
and the transition temperature, are verified
8 experimentally.
Contd….
Contd….

Schematic diagram for two-coupled LJJ with two-gap SC

Contd….
Contd…. The mean-field Hamiltonian for LJJ with two gap
superconductor is given as
H   H TB ,l  H T HT   T C ij
i†
 ,l Ci ,l  h.c.
l i  j ,

Energy of the two-gap superconductivity Hamiltonian of the

in the superconducting layer (S layer) electron tunneling
between the two
H TB ,l    , l  ,l l
E i i†
C C i
 H pair
adjacent S layers that
i  s ,d are separated by the
insulator layer (I layer)
creation(annihilation)
operator with spin in Ei is the energy of electrons in the i-
the i-band band (i=s,d) about the Fermi energy

Hamiltonian associated to the pairing interaction

between electron in the lth S layer

H lpair  Vss Cs ,†l Cs ,†l Cs ,l Cs ,l  Vdd Cd,†l Cd,†l Cd,l Cd,l  Vsd Cs ,†l Cs ,†l Cd,l Cd,l  h.c. 
1 JOSEPHSON JUNCTION AND
2 FLUXON DYNAMICS
3
3.1 Josephson Predictions
3.2 DC Josephson Effect :

3.3
current phase relation

4 J  J c sin 
5 AC Josephson Effect: In presence of bias current,
6
d 2eV
7 dt


8
Contd….
Contd….
1. In many cases, we consider this phase difference and current
density is uniform over the junction called lumped junction.

2. If this phase difference and current density is vary over the

junction called extended Josephson junction.

3. The confinement of d.c. Josephson current at the edge of the

junction is called Josephson Length (λJ) .

1/ 2
 c 0 
J   2 
 8 J c (2  d ) 

Typical value of λJ is in order of 1mm.

Contd….
Contd….
If we consider a slab of superconductor with Josephson junction
in which the length is much larger than the Josephson length
λJ << Lx then the junction is called long Josephson junction (LJJ).
Fluxon dynamics in LJJ can be described by the well-known
sine-Gordon equation
If, ring shaped superconductor is placed in a magnetic field
and it cooled down below the critical temperature, ring
becomes a superconducting as a result it expels the
magnetic lines of force called Meissner effect. Some parts
of magnetic flux trapped inside the ring which is quantized
and relates as
 hc 
 n  n  n= 1, 2,3,….
 e* 
This unit of flux is called fluxoid or fluxon.
1 METHODOLOGY
2
3 1. Calculate microscopic BCS Hamiltonian of the system
3.1 2. Calculate Lagrangian density function from obtained
Hamiltonian
3.2 3. Calculate a system of perturbed Sine-Gordon
3.3 equation

4
4. Discretize the equations using finite difference
techniques and obtain the system of two finite
difference equation
5. Apply boundary conditions for the system depend on
5 the bias current density and the applied magnetic
6 field
6. Analyzed using the numerical computation
7
8
1 Conclusion
2
3 Study of fluxon dynamics in a coupled LJJ will open the
door to study about the multi band structure, which is
3.1 more curious because
3.2 1. It is very special nonlinear system
3.3 2. Applications in fast technology such as quantum
computing
4 3. Addition of these types of system is to make

5
several junctions piled on top of each other giving
rise to a system of N-coupled partial differential
equations. Such a system is often used as a model
for high temperature superconductors.
6 4. This study may helpful to investigate room
7 temperature superconductor.
8
1 Estimated Time Schedule
2 Month 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
3 Works

3.1
Literature Review
3.2
3.3 Calculation and
Simulation
4
5 Result Analysis

6 Thesis Writing and

documentation

7
8
1 References
2 1. http://www.superconductors.org
3 2. M. Tinkham, Introduction to superconductivity, McGraw-Hill Inc.,
(1996).
3.1 3. J. Bardeen, L.N. Cooper, and J.R. Schrieffer, Phys. Rev. 108, 1175,
3.2 4.
(1957).
B. D. Josephson, Phy. Rev. 1, 251, (1962).
3.3 5. L. N. Cooper, Phys. Rev. 104, 1189, (1956).

4
6. (Editors) Prof. Dr. V. Moshchalkov, Prof. Dr. R. Wordenweber,and
Prof. Dr. W. Lang, Nanoscience and Engineering in
5 7.
superconductivity, Springer, (2010).
"Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity,"
6 http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/SC_rpt.pdf., (2006).

7
8. J. W. Negela and H. Orland, Quantum many particle systems,
Westview Press, pp. 1, (1998).
9. R. D. Mattuck, A guide to Feynman diagrams in the many-body
problem, Dover Publication, pp. 123, (1992).

8 Contd….
Contd….
10. S. Raimes, Many-electron theory, North-Holland Pub. Co.,
London, pp. 22, (1972).
11. A.L. Fetter, J.D. Walecka, Quantum Theory Of Many-Particle
Systems, McGraw-Hill Inc., (1971).
12. J. M. Ziman, Principle of the theory of solids, Cambridge
University Press, 2nd ed. (1972).
13. D. W. McLaughlin and A. C. Scott, Phys. Rev. A 18, 1652 , (1978).
14. J. H. Kim, B. R. Ghimire, and H. Y. Tsai, Phys. Rev. B 85, 134511,
(2012).
15. T. Orlando and K. A. Delin, Foundations of Applied
Superconductivity, Ch. 12, Addison-Wesley Publication Ltd., USA,
(1991).
16. C. Kittel, Introduction to solid state physics, Ch 12, Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd., 7th ed..
17. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and applications of the
Josephson effect, Wiley, (1982).
1 Acknowledgement
2
3 1. Dr. Bal Ram Ghimire
3.1 2. Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal
3.2 3. All my respected teachers
3.3 4. All my energetic friends
4
5
6
7

8
Thank You for
your kind
attention!!!