Asthma:

Diagnosis and
Treatment
Eur Med J. 2018;

Muliana Hijrah
105505405319

Pembimbing:
dr. H. Zakaria Mustari, Sp.PD
Background
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that affects many individuals.
There are approximately 235 million people worldwide who have
asthma, and in 2015 there were approximately 383,000 asthma-
related deaths

In the USA alone, the annual cost of asthma is approximately

$56 billion, with a significant proportion of this figure
comprising indirect costs, such as days lost from work or
school.
 Diagnosis
Clinical Fractional
Presentatio 02 Excretion of 04
n NO

Spirometry Exercise
& Broncho Challenge
01 03
provocation Testing
Testing
Differential
Diagnoses
Treatment
01 02 03
Corticosteroid Leukotriene
Beta-2 Agonists
s Receptor
Antagonists &
Synthesis Inhibitor
04 05 06
Antimuscarini Biologic
Bronchial
cs Therapy
Termoplasty
 Comorbid conditions
Treatment of comorbid conditions and avoidance of environmental
and allergic triggers are important in asthma management. For
example, obesity, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, anxiety and
depression, rhinitis and sinusitis, and seasonal and perennial allergies
have all been associated with worsening asthma symptoms.
Additional treatments targeting these comorbidities can significantly
improve asthma control, especially in those with severe asthma.
Conclusion
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease affecting
millions of people worldwide. It is characterised by
airway hyper-responsiveness and airway
inflammation with variable airflow obstruction.
Understanding the various phenotypes and
pathophysiologies and providing individualised
treatment that is suited to the patient’s comorbidities
and lifestyle is important in the management of
asthma.
Thanks!