STD511 C# Programming

Methods, Classes and Objects

 Defining Methods
A method is a collection of statements that
are
grouped together to perform an operation.
Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
header public static int Max(int num1, int num2) {
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body if (num1 > num2) parameter list
result = num1;
else method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

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 Problem
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
Console.WriteLine("Sum from 1 to 10 is " + sum)

sum = 0;
for (int i = 20; i <= 30; i++)
sum += i;
Console.WriteLine("Sum from 20 to 30 is " + sum);

sum = 0;
for (int i = 35; i <= 45; i++)
sum += i;
Console.WriteLine("Sum from 35 to 45 is " + sum);

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 Solution
public static int sum(int i1, int i2) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}

public static void Main(String[] args)

{Console.WriteLine("Sum from 1 to 20 is " + sum(1, 10) );
Console.WriteLine("Sum from 20 to 30 is " + sum(20, 30) );
Console.WriteLine("Sum from 35 to 45 is " + sum(35, 45) );
}
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 Benefits of Methods
• Write a method once and reuse it anywhere.
• Information hiding. Hide the
implementation
from the user.
• Reduce complexity.

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 Formal
Parameters
The variables defined in the method header are known as
formal parameters.
Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters

method num1 num2

header public static int Max(int , int ) {
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body if (num1 > num2) parameter list
result = num1;
else method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

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 Actual
Parameters
When a method is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter.
This value is referred to as actual parameter or argument.

Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
header public static int Max(int num1, int num2) {
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body if (num1 > num2) parameter list
result = num1;
else method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

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 Return Value
Type
A method may return a value. The returnValueType is the data
type of the value the method returns. If the method does not return
a value, the returnValueType is the keyword void.
Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
header public static int Max(int num1, int num2) {
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body if (num1 > num2) parameter list
result = num1;
else method
result = num2; signature

return result ; return value

}

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 Calling Methods

• Testing the max method

• A program demonstrates calling a method
max to
• return the largest of the int values

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Calling Methods, cont.

pass the value of i

pass the value of j

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 Reuse Methods from Other Classes
NOTE: One of the benefits of methods is for reuse. The Max
method can be invoked from any class besides TestMax. If
you create a new class Test, you can invoke the Max
method using ClassName.MethodName (e.g.,
TestMax.Max).

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 Passing
public static
Parameters
void nPrintln(String message, int n) {
• for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) Console.WriteLine(message);
•}

• Suppose you invoke the method using

• nPrintln(“Welcome to C#”, 5);
• What is the output?

• Suppose you invoke the method using

• nPrintln(“Computer Science”, 15);
• What is the output?

• Can you invoke the method using

• nPrintln(15, “Computer Science”); 12
 Overloading Methods

Overloading the Max

Method
public static double Max(double num1,
double num2)
{ if (num1 >
num2)
return
else num1;
return
} num2;

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 Scope of Local
• A localVariables
variable: a variable defined inside a method.
• Scope: the part of the program where the variable
can be referenced.
• The scope of a local variable starts from its
declaration and continues to the end of the block
that contains the variable. A local variable must be
declared before it can be used.

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 Scope of Local Variables,
cont.
You can declare a local variable with the same name
multiple times in different non-nesting blocks in a
method, but you cannot declare a local variable twice
in nested blocks.

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 Scope of Local Variables,
cont.
public static void method1()
{
.
.
• for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
The scope of •.
i •.
The scope of • int j;
j •.
}
•.
}
•.

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 Scope of Local Variables,
cont.
It is fine to declare i in two
non-nesting blocks It is wrong to declare i in
two nesting blocks
public static void method1() {
int x = 1; public static void method2() {
int y = 1;
int i = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) { int sum = 0;
x += i;
} for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) { } sum += i;
y += i;
} }
}

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 Scope of Local Variables,
// Finecont.
with no errors
public static void CorrectMethod() {
int x = 1;
int y = 1;
// i is declared
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
x += i;
}
// i is declared again
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
y += i;
}
}
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 Scope of Local Variables,
cont.
// With errors
public static void IncorrectMethod() {
int x = 1;
int y = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
int x = 0;
x += i;
}
}

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 Exercise
•
s
Write a program to read two integers and
use a method that prints their sum.

• Write a program to read an integer and use a

method that returns its square.

• Write a program to read an integer and use a

method that returns its factorial.
 Exercise
•
s
Write a program that reads 10 integers and
finds number off evens and number of odds.
Use a function isEven to determine whether
the integer is even or odd.
 The Math Class
• Comes under the System
namespace
• Class constants:
– PI
–E
• Class methods:
– Trigonometric Methods
– Exponent Methods
– Rounding Methods
– min, max, abs, and random Methods 22
 Trigonometric Methods
• Sin(double a) Examples:

• Cos(double a)
Math.Sin(0) returns 0.0
• Tan(double a) Math.Sin(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.5
• Acos(double a) Math.Sin(Math.PI / 2)
• Asin(double a) returns 1.0
Math.Cos(0) returns 1.0
• Atan(double a) Math.Cos(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.866
Math.Cos(Math.PI / 2)
returns 0
Radians
toRadians(90) 23
 Exponent Methods
• exp(double a) Examples:
Returns e raised to the power of
a. Math.exp(1) returns 2.71
Math.log(2.71) returns 1.0
• log(double a)
Math.pow(2, 3) returns 8.0
Returns the natural logarithm of a.
Math.pow(3, 2) returns 9.0
• log10(double a) Math.pow(3.5, 2.5) returns
Returns the 10-based logarithm of 22.91765
a. Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
Math.sqrt(10.5) returns 3.24
• pow(double a, double b)
Returns a raised to the power of
b.
• sqrt(double a)
Returns the square root of a.
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 Rounding Methods
• decimal Ceiling(Decimal x)
This function return the smallest integral value which will be
greater than or equal to x. The type of this method is
System.Decimal and return a decimal instead of an integral
type
• decimal Floor(Decimal x)
Returns the largest integral value less than or equal to the
specified number.
• decimal Round(Decimal x) or double
Round(Double x)
Rounds a value to the nearest integer or to the specified
number of fractional digits.
• Sqrt() -> Returns the square root of a given number
• Pow() -> Returns a specified number raised to a given power

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 More on Rounding Methods
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-sharp-mat
h-class/

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 Min, Max, and Abs

• Max(a, b)and Examples:

• Min(a, b)
Math.Max(2, 3) returns 3
Returns the maximum or
minimum of two parameters. Math.Max(2.5, 3) returns
3.0
• Abs(a)
Math.Min(2.5, 3.6)
Returns the absolute value of the
returns 2.5
parameter.
Math.Abs(-2) returns 2
• random() Math.Abs(-2.1) returns
Returns a random double value 2.1
in the range [0.0, 1.0).
 The Random Class
• C# Random class provides functionality to generate random
numbers in C#. The Random class can also generate other data
types including strings.
• Random class constructors have two overloaded forms. It takes
either no value or it takes a seed value.
• The Random class provides Random.Next(), Random.NextBytes(), and
Random.NextDouble() methods.
• The Random.Next() method returns a random number,
• Random.NextBytes() returns an array of bytes filled with random
numbers,
• and Random.NextDouble() returns a random number between 0.0
and 1.0.
• Some examples are here
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 References
• C# Programming for Absolute Beginners;
Radek Vystavel.

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/csharp-progr
amming-language/

• https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csh
arp/