University of Technical Education of Ho Chi Minh City

NETWORKING ESSENTIALS

OSI and TCP/IP models

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 Contents

 OSI model

 TCP/IP model

 Data encapsulation & De-encapsulation

 Understanding the TCP/IP transport layer

 Mapping Layer 4 to Applications

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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I. Understanding the Host-to-Host
Communications Model

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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What are Protocols ?
Let’s look at what happen:

Oh my
God, what
did he
say ?
Không biết
thằng này
đang nói
cái gì nữa ?

They do not understand each

other because they are using
different languages.

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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What are Protocols ? (cont)

Now, Let’s look at what happens next:

They can understand each other

because they are using the
same language.

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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What are Protocols ? (cont)

So in order for two people to speak to each other,

the first thing they should to agree on is the
language, or protocols, to use.

 Communication between hosts on the network

is the same. When hosts begin communicating
with each other, they first must agree on what
protocols to use.

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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What are Protocols ? (cont)

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What are Protocols ? (cont)

A group of protocol is called a protocol suite or a

protocol stack.

 When combined with other protocols, the

protocol group that result is called a protocol
suite. TCP/IP, for example, is a protocol suite.

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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Why We Need Protocols and Standards

Rules – or protocols and standards – are

important to ensure compatibility between
different kinds of things
 Developing protocols is an ongoings, ever-
changing science. As the industry is
increasing so dynamically and rapidly.

 However, before a protocol is accepted and

widely implemented, it has to pass rigorous
testing. So a standard framework is used to
help design, compare, test, and evaluate
protocols.
Huynh Nguyen Chinh
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Understanding Host-to-Host Communications

Older model
o Proprietary
o Application and combinations software controlled
by one vendor
Standards-based model
o Multivendor software
o Layered approach

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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Understanding Host-to-Host Communications

APPLE TALK
Standard

• Interconnection
Proprietary
• Development
• Simplification

TCP/IP DECNET
Huynh Nguyen Chinh
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Why a Layered Network Model?

 Reduces complexity
 Standardizes interfaces
 Facilitates modular engineering
 Ensures interoperable
technology
 Accelerates evolution
 Simplifies teaching and learning

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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 Data encapsulation
& De-encapsulation

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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 IP Header 1 IP Header 11 IP Header 1

Frame Header
Frame Header IP
IPHeader
Header 11 II IP Header 1
Frame Header IP Header 1 I

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Data Encapsulation

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Data De-Encapsulation

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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TCP/IP Stack

Defines four layers

Uses different names for
Layers 1 through 3
Combines Layers 5 through 7
into single application layer

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TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model

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 Understanding the TCP/IP
Transport layer

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Transport Layer

 Session multiplexing
 Segmentation
 Flow control (when required)
 Connection-oriented
(when required)
 Reliability (when required)

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Reliable vs. Best-Effort Comparison

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UDP Characteristics

Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models

Provides applications with access to the network layer
without the overhead of reliability mechanisms
Is a connectionless protocol
Provides limited error checking
Provides best-effort delivery
Has no data-recovery features

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UDP Header

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TCP Characteristics

Transport layer of the TCP/IP stack

Access to the network layer for applications
Connection-oriented protocol
Full-duplex mode operation
Error checking
Sequencing of data packets
Acknowledgement of receipt
Data-recovery features

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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TCP Header

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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TCP/IP Application Layer Overview
 File transfer
– FTP
– TFTP
– Network File System
 E-mail
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 Remote login
– Telnet
– rlogin
 Network management
– Simple Network Management
Protocol
 Name management
– Domain Name System

Huynh Nguyen Chinh

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Establishing a Connection

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Three-Way Handshake

CTL = Which control bits in the TCP header are set to 1

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Flow Control

Once data transfer is in progress, congestion can

occur for two reasons.

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Flow Control (tt)

First, the sending device might be able to generate

traffic faster than the network can transfer it.

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Flow Control (tt)

The second reason is that multiple devices need to

send data to the same destination.

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Flow Control (tt)

When datagram arrive too quickly for a device to

process, it temporarily stores them in memory.

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Flow Control (tt)
If the datagrams are part of a small burst, this
buffering solves the problem.

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Flow Control (tt)
However, if the traffic continues at this rate, the device
eventually exhausts its memory and must discard
additional datagrams that arrive.

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Flow Control (tt)

Instead of losing the data, the transport function can

issue a “not ready” indicator to the sender.

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Flow Control (tt)

This acts like a stop sign and signal the sender to

discontinue sending segment traffic to the receiver.

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Flow Control (tt)
After the receiving device has processed sufficient
segments to free space in its buffer, the receiver sends a
“ready transport “ indicator – which is like a go signal.

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Flow Control (tt)

When they receives this indicator, the senders can resume

segment transmission.

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Flow Control (tt)

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TCP Acknowledgment

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Fixed Windowing

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TCP Sliding Windowing

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TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers

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 Mapping Layer 3 to Layer 4

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Mapping Layer 3 to Layer 4

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Mapping Layer 4 to Applications

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 ????

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