Programming in C++

Strategies for learning C++

• Focus on concepts and programming techniques.
(Don’t get lost in language features)
• Learn C++ to become a better programmer
More effective at designing and implementing.
• Learn C++ gradually
Don’t have to know every detail of C++ to
write a good C++ program.
 Introduction
Alexander Graham Bell
• C Language developed by Brian M Kernighan and
Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in early 1970’s
• Unix OS developed in C language
• Inherited from two previously programming
languages BCPL and “B”.
• BCPL “Basic Combined Programming
Language”) A programming language developed
by Martin Richards in Cambridge in 1967
• C++ is a superset of C language, 1980
 Introduction
C++ was written by  Bjarne
Stroustrup at Bell Labs during 1983-
1985.  Prior to 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup
added features to C and formed what
Bjarne Stroustrup he called "C with Classes". He had
combined the use of classes and
object-oriented features with the power
and efficiency of C. The term C++ was
first used in 1983.
 C++ program Execution

Text Editor Compiler Linker

Run Program

Program Output

Source File
Object File
 Program
• An ordered list of events to take place or procedures to
be followed; a schedule
• A collection of instructions that tell the computer to do
specific activity.
• A program is generally known as "software“
• Application programs
• System Software
 Program
• the terms software, application, program and
instruction are synonymous in the sense that they all
tell the computer to do some specific activity.

• A program is written in a programming language, such

as C or C++

• assemblers, compilers and interpreters.

• The program contains machine instructions, buffers,

constants and counters.
 The Anatomy of a Program

A program is made up of machine instructions, buffers,

constants and counters. The program's logic is
embedded within the instructional sequence.
 Algorithm
• A step-by-step problem-solving procedure, especially an
established, computational procedure for solving a
problem in a finite number of steps.

• A set of ordered steps for solving a problem, such as a

mathematical formula or the instructions in a program.

• algorithm and logic

 Programming Languages
• High Level Language
• Low Level Language/Machine
Language
• Intermediate Level Language
 Variable

In computer science and mathematics, a variable

(sometimes called a pronumeral) is a symbol
denoting a quantity or symbolic representation. In
mathematics, a variable often represents an
unknown quantity that has the potential to change;
in computer science, it represents a place where a
quantity can be stored. Variables are often
contrasted with constants, which are known and
unchanging.
 Data
03091989 03/09/1989

• 600 Integer Number

• 7.821 Real Number
• “Programming
Strings
Languages-1”

Variables are used for manipulating such type

of data
 Variable declaration
Variable declaration
In C: all variable definitions must occur at the beginning of a
block.

int i;
for (i=0; i<5; i++) { ... }

In C++: variable definitions may occur at the point of use.

for(int i=0; i<5; i++) { ... }
 Reserved Words
C++ reserved key word that can not be used as an identifier:

• asm, auto, bool, break, case, catch, char, class, const, const_cast,
continue, default, delete, do, double, dynamic_cast, else, enum,
explicit, extern, false, float, for, friend, goto, if, inline, int, long,
mutable, namespace, new, operator, private, protected, public, register,
reinterpret_cast, return, short, signed, sizeof, static, static_cast, struct,
switch, template, this, throw, true, try, typedef, typeid, typename,
union, unsigned, using, virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t.
• and, and_eq, bitand, bitor, compl, not, not_eq, or, or_eq, xor, xor_eq.
• far, huge, near (for some compiler).
 Boolean
Boolean literals
There are only two valid Boolean values: true and false.
These can be expressed in C++ as values of type bool
by using the Boolean literals true and false.

Example:
bool flag1, flag2;
flag1 = false;
flag2 = true;

false will give 0 value

true will give 1 value
Scope of variables
Fundamental Data Types