TEACHING AND

ASSESSMENT
OF MACRO SKILLS

EL107 (71721)

BY: Krizzia Mae Q. Molero

1. Review on Segmental and
Suprasegmentals

2. Modes of Communication

3. Types of Speech Delivery

 Segmental:

IN LINGUISTICS, A SEGMENT IS "ANY DISCRETE UNIT

THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED, EITHER PHYSICALLY OR
AUDITORILY, IN THE STREAM OF SPEECH". THE TERM IS
MOST USED IN PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY TO REFER TO
THE SMALLEST ELEMENTS IN A LANGUAGE.
Segmental = Phonemes
Phonemes:
Phoneme, in linguistics, smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or
word element) from another, as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word
from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.”
 
Phonemes are based on spoken language and may be recorded with special
symbols, such as those of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Includes:
Consonants And Vowels
 Suprasegmentals:
Suprasegmentals, also called prosodic feature, in phonetics, a speech
feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added
over consonants and vowels; these features are not limited to single sounds
but often extend over syllables, words, or phrases.

Suprasegmental features are those articulatory features which are

superimposed over more
than one segment (i.e., vowel or consonant); they include stress and
intonation.
Stress
Every word spoken in isolation has at least one stressed syllable. In
articulatory terms, stress involves a rise in air pressure; an increase in the
activity of the respiratory muscles forces more air out of the lungs during
the articulation of a particular syllable. There may also be an increase in
the activity of the larynx, resulting in higher pitch.

Examples:

Abóminable pátriarchy exécutive

confidéntial interpretátion
Intonation
Like stress, intonation is a meaningful suprasegmental feature of speech.
Intonation refers to patterns of pitch variation in a sentence. It does not refer
to the discrete pitches of different vowels, to pitch accent, nor to
physiologically determined variations in pitch due to the size and shape of a
person’s vocal apparatus (e.g., the difference in pitch between men’s and
women’s voices). The pitch patterns of intonation are similar to tunes
distributed over sentences in an organized and systematic way. They affect
the meaning of the sentence as a whole by indicating different sentence
types, such as statements or questions. Intonation is represented in a gross
fashion in writing by punctuation marks: ? , . ! ; —. Intonation patterns may
also indicate the attitude or relation of the speaker to the hearer as well as
various contextual features.
 PART II:
Modes of Communication
What is communication? 
To put it simply, Communication can be explained as the process of transmitting
information from one person, place or group to another. It is through communication
that we share messages with each other. There are three integral elements of
communication, i.e. Sender, Message and Receiver. Communication is the process of
sharing information between individuals using a set of common rules, behaviour,
symbols, and signs.

A mode is the means of communicating, i.e. the medium through which

communication is processed. There are three modes of communication: Interpretive
Communication, Interpersonal Communication and Presentational Communication.
Interpersonal communication
Is the process by which people exchange information through verbal and
nonverbal messages. It is an unmediated mode of communication that occurs
when we interact and attempt to mutually influence each other, simultaneously,
in order to manage relationships. Although interpersonal communication can
encompass oral, written, and non-verbal forms of communication, the term is
usually applied to spoken communication that takes place between two or more
individuals on a  personal or face to face level. Examples of Interpersonal
Communication include:

- Personal Interview
- Telephonic Conversations
- Interactive Sessions 
- Debates
- E-mails
- Text Messages
Interpretive Communication
Also referred to as the “one-way communication”, in this mode, the
information conveyed by the sender is interpreted by the receiver in its
original form. The target has to understand the message in both written
and spoken form keeping various aspects in mind. For example, in a class,
the learners may not understand every word said by the teacher but are
expected to understand the main crux of the topic. Some of the main
highlights of Interpretative Communication are:
 
Learners understand, interpret, and analyse what is heard, read, or
viewed on a variety of topics. This mode of communication involves
interpreting the author or producer’s intent. There is no alternative to the
active negotiation of meaning with the writer, speaker, or the producer
Presentational Communication
Presentational Communication is another type of one-way
communication, which facilitates interpretation by members of another group
where no direct opportunity for the active negotiation of meaning between
members of the two groups exists. With this mode of communication, a
person is speaking to an audience that can be rehearsed, pre-prepared, or
scripted.

To ensure the intended audience is successful in its interpretation, the

“presenter” needs knowledge of the audience’s language and culture. No
direct opportunity for engaging with larger audience exists in this form of
communication.
 Multimodal Communication can be simply referred to as
communication through varied modes such as verbal, written, gestures,
etc. There are different modes under multimodal communication and it is
popularly used in higher education to accentuate the learning experience
for students. Here are the major 5 modes of communication:

Linguistical or Alphabetic: Either written communication or spoken

communication

Gestural: Using Gestures

Visual: Pictures, Videos, Infographics

Aural: Audio, Music, Sounds

Spatial: Physical coordination, positions, proximity

 
 PART III
Types of Speech Delivery
Impromptu Delivery
As the name implies, this is delivery with little or no preparation.
Impromptu delivery happens when you get called on to answer a question in
a class or a police officer pulls you over for speeding…...you have to give
answers fast, without the benefit of a lot of advanced planning. We all deliver
a speech with impromptu style from time-to-time, but some speakers do this
better than others. Impromptu speaking SHOULD NOT be confused with
impromptu rambling. Everyone can ramble, but good impromptu delivery is
still a well-crafted speech (intro, body, conclusion, etc.) but the speaker can
accomplish this monumental task on the spur of the moment.
Extemporaneous Delivery
This is the most common type of delivery in college presentations and will
be the one that you are utilizing during your first speech in COMM 101. When
speaking extemporaneously, you have meticulously researched, organized,
and practiced your speech ahead of time…….but it SOUNDS TOTALLY
NATURAL. To accomplish this, a speaker takes all of this well-organized
information and places it into outline form. The speaker DOES NOT write out a
speech that looks like a paper (this is the kiss of death, actually). So, when you
are in front of a group of people, you are just talking to them naturally using
your outline notes to jog your memory as you go. It should sound just like you
are having a conversation with someone (albeit a very smart, well-organized,
one…).
Manuscript Delivery
This is the type of delivery used primarily by formal speakers, politicians,
business executives, etc. when they prepare their speeches well in advance.
Manuscript delivery takes all of that research, organization, and outlining
work and then uses it to WRITE OUT THE SPEECH so it looks just like paper.
Then, the speaker reads the speech off of the paper. This type of delivery is
problematic for several reasons. First, it takes forever!! Each word on the
manuscript needs to be carefully crafted for effect, and that takes quite some
time. Next, it is really difficult to read to an audience and keep them
interested. Think about the last time someone read to you: it was probably
someone trying to get you to go to sleep…..not something you want to strive
for in public speaking!! This type of delivery really needs to be reserved for
the professionals who can make the most of it. Truly, the WORST THING you
could possibly do for this speech is to write it out word for word.
Memorized Delivery
As the name implies, memorized delivery is the step beyond manuscript
delivery. The speaker writes the speech out…...and then memorizes the
manuscript so he/she has no notes, no manuscript, no “help” up there in front
of the audience. As you might imagine, this also has a few drawbacks…...not
the least of which is forgetting the speech altogether. This, also, is a type of
delivery best left to professional and competitive public speakers. 
* Each of these types of delivery needs to make the most out
of basic principles of nonverbal communication. Consider your
body movement, hand gestures, voice quality, eye contact,
and enthusiasm as you speak. Remember to do everything
you can to connect with the audience (and a large part of that
connection is always nonverbal).