SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University,
Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade & Accredited by NBA (CSE, ECE, IT, MECH ,EEE, CIVIL& MCT)
Course : DIGITAL IMAGE AND VIDEO
PROCESSING
Module : I / Fundamentals of Image
processing and image transform
www.skcet.ac.in
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
• What is digital Image Processing?
– An digital image: a two-dimensional function, f(x,y), where x and y
are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of function f
– Digital image processing: processing digital images by mean of digital
computer.
Greyscale
Colour
f (x, y) {0,1,…, N} f (x, y) [ {0,…,N}, {0,…,N}, {0,
…,N} ]
N is finite, discrete quantity
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
• Computer/Machine Vision
– Image processing: input image
output image
– Machine Vision: to use a computer to emulate human
vision.
– Levels from image processing to machine vision
• Low-level :input image, output image
• Midle-level:input image, output features/attributes that
descript objects in to reduce them to a form suitable for computer
processing such as classification or recognition in the higher-level.
– Features/attributes: edges, shape e.g.
• Higher-level: computer processing such as classification or
recognition of objects in an image. (Artificial Intelligence)
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Example of Classification using DIP
Preprocessing:
•Noise reducing
•Image enchantment
Feature extracting
•Image
segmentation
-Length
-brightness
Cha ray Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Example of Classification using DIP
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Example of Classification using DIP
The two features of
lightness and width for sea
bass and salmon. The
dark line might serve as a
decision boundary of the
classifier.
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and MachineMachine
VisionVision
Chapter 1: Introduction
• Visible light: a narrow band of
electromagnetic radiation →
380nm (blue) - 780nm
(red)
• Wavelength: Each physically
distinct colour corresponds to at
least one wavelength in this band.
• Pure Colours: Pure or
monochromatic colours do not
exist in nature.
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai e mail: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Output for other processing
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision
Chapter 1: Introduction
Charay Lerdsudwichai email: jan@ku.ac.th
An image may be defined as a 2D function f(x,y)
where x and y are spatial(plane) coordinates and
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is
called intensity or gray level of image at that point.
Pixel
Digital image is composed of finite number of
elements each of which has a particular location and
value. These elements are called picture elements,
image elements, pels and pixels
IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATIONS
Sensing
Two elements are required for acquiring digital
images
- Physical device that is sensitive to the
energy radiated by the object we wish to image
-Digitizer is a device for converting the
output of physical sensing device into digital
form
Example: Digital video camera
The sensors produce an electrical output
proportional to light intensity. Digitizer converts
these outputs to digital data.
Specialized Image Processing hardware
This usually consists of digitizer plus hardware that
performs other primitive operations, such as an
ALU, that performs arithmetic and logical
operations in parallel on the entire image.
Example: ALU is used in averaging images as
quickly as they are digitized for noise reduction-
Hardware called front-end subsystems
Performs fast data throughput
Computer
This is a general purpose computer [PC to
supercomputer]
In dedicated applications, custom computers are
used
Any well equiped PC type machine suitable for
offline image processing tasks
Software
Specialized modules that performs specific tasks
A well designed package includes the capability for
user to write code and utilize specialized modules
Mass storage
An image of 1024 x 1024 pixels in which intensity
is 8 bit requires 1 MB storage
Three principle categories of digital storage for
image processing applications are
(i) Short term storage for use during processing
computer memory, specialized boards
called frame buffers housed in specialized
image processing hardware
(ii) Online storage for relatively fast recall
form of magnetic disks or optical media storage
(iii)Archival storage, characterized by infrequent access
Magnetic tapes and optical disks housed in jukeboxes
Image Displays
These are mainly color TV monitors(flat screen)
Monitors are driven by outputs of image and
graphic display cards (integral part of computer)
Stereo displays(head gear containing two small
displays embedded in goggles)
Hardcopy
Hardcopy devices for recording images include
laser printers, film cameras, heat sensitive devices,
inkjet units and digital units such as optical and CD
ROM disks
Networking
The key consideration in image transmission is
bandwidth because of large amount of data inherent
in image processing applications
In dedicated network, this is not a problem, but
communication with remote sites via internet is not
very efficient (improved by optical fiber and
broadband technologies)
